ArticleBMJ open2023
Global burden of cardiovascular disease attributable to metabolic risk factors, 1990-2019: an analysis of observational data from a 2019 Global Burden of Disease study.
Article in BMJ open, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Digital Health Interventions for Cardiometabolic Health Outcomes in Rural and Remote Australia: A Systematic Review.The Australian journal of rural health · 2025Pooled it
- The Impact of Nurse-Led Cardiac Rehabilitation on Physiological Risk Parameters: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Anatolian journal of cardiology · 2025Pooled it
- Digital versus nondigital behavioral interventions on cardiovascular risk reduction: systematic review and meta-analysis.Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Association Between Gallstone Disease and Risk of Mortality of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Cardiovascular & hematological disorders drug targets · 2024Pooled it
- Innovative Cardiac Rehabilitation: Effects of Adaptive Postural Balance Exercise on Coronary Artery Disease and Type 2 Diabetes.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2025Trial
- Physical Activity Behavior and Acute Myocardial Infarction, Stroke, and Sepsis Outcomes in Brazil: Insights from Targeted Eigenvector Centrality Networks.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Inequality in prevalence of unmedicated hypertension or diabetes among older Filipinos: analysis of nationally representative survey data.International journal of cardiology. Cardiovascular risk and prevention · 2026Article
- Article
- Changes in Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Ischaemic Heart Disease Mortality Between 2000 and 2015: A Global Ecological Analysis.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Salivary vascular growth factor responses to prolonged and interrupted sitting in young, healthy adults.Physiological reports · 2026Article
- Point-of-sale sugar-sweetened beverage warning postersPublic health nutrition · 2026Article
- Reduced serum iron levels are associated with metabolic dysfunction and sex-specific characteristics.Internal and emergency medicine · 2026Article
- Network dynamics of metabolic disease continuum in older adults: a 7-year longitudinal cohort study in China.BMC geriatrics · 2025Article
- Evaluating the Effectiveness of Generative AI for the Creation of Patient Education Materials on Coronary Heart Disease: A Comparative Study.JMIR formative research · 2025Article
- Cardiovascular Health in the Shadow of Diabetes and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: An Emerging Paradigm.Reviews in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Review
- The Association Between the Triglyceride-Glucose Index and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Global Burden of Disease Due to High Body Mass Index and Projections to 2040: A Study Based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.The International journal of health planning and management · 2025Article
- 2025 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association.Circulation · 2025Review
- Automated process assessment of primary healthcare for hyperlipidemia: preliminary findings and implications form Anhui, China.Lipids in health and disease · 2025Article
- Associations of nutrient intake, dietary behaviours, and patterns with metabolic profiles and obesity measures: findings from a cross-sectional study in a southern Chinese population.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesAn up-to-date, detailed global analysis of the current status of the metabolic-attributed cardiovascular disease (CVD) burden has not been reported. Therefore, we investigated the global burden of metabolic-attributed CVD and its association with socioeconomic development status over the past 30 years.
methodsData on the burden of metabolic-attributed CVD were taken from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. Metabolic risk factors of CVD included high fasting plasma glucose, high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high systolic blood pressure (SBP), high body mass index (BMI) and kidney dysfunction. Numbers and age-standardised rates (ASR) of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and deaths were extracted and stratified by sex, age, Socio-demographic Index (SDI) level, country and region.
resultsThe ASR of metabolic-attributed CVD DALYs and deaths decreased by 28.0% (95% UI 23.8% to 32.5%) and 30.4% (95% UI 26.6% to 34.5%), respectively, from 1990 to 2019. The highest burden of metabolic-attributed total CVD and intracerebral haemorrhage was mainly in low SDI locations, while the highest burden of ischaemic heart disease and IS was mainly in high SDI locations. The burden of DALYs and deaths in CVD was higher in men than women. In addition, the number and ASR of DALYs and deaths were highest in those over 80 years old.
conclusionMetabolic-attributed CVD threatens public health, especially in low-SDI locations and among the elderly. Low SDI location should strengthen the control of metabolic factors such as high SBP, high BMI, and high LDL-c and increase the knowledge of metabolic risk factors for CVD. Countries and regions should enhance screening and prevention of metabolic risk factors of CVD in the elderly. Policy-makers should use 2019 GBD data to guide cost-effective interventions and resource allocation.
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