ArticleJournal of medical Internet research2023
Development of a Supported Self-management Intervention for People With Severe Mental Illness and Type 2 Diabetes: Theory and Evidence-Based Co-design Approach.
Article in Journal of medical Internet research, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- The DIAMONDS intervention for type 2 diabetes for people with severe mental illness: findings from a single-group feasibility study.Frontiers in health services · 2025Trial
- Engaging Service Users in Co-Designing a Nurse-Led Weight Talk Tool for Low- and Medium-Secure Mental Health Inpatient Settings: A Participatory Intervention Development Study.International journal of mental health nursing · 2026Article
- Article
- Acceptability of blinded continuous glucose monitoring for people with serious mental illness and type 2 diabetes: findings from an exploratory mixed-methods study.Frontiers in clinical diabetes and healthcare · 2026Article
- A Qualitative Exploration of the Acceptability of a Supported Self-Management Intervention for People With Type 2 Diabetes and Severe Mental Illness.Journal of diabetes research · 2026Article
- Co-design of pathway and manual for a dietitian-led approach to the management of type 2 diabetes in Nepal.BMC nutrition · 2025Article
- Article
- Public-targeted interventions addressing antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic use in Sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review.BMJ global health · 2025Article
- Short-Term Impact of Digital Mental Health Interventions on Psychological Well-Being and Blood Sugar Control in Type 2 Diabetes Patients in Riyadh.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 8 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundType 2 diabetes is 2 to 3 times more common among people with severe mental illness (SMI). Self-management is crucial, with additional challenges faced by people with SMI. Therefore, it is essential that any diabetes self-management program for people with SMI addresses the unique needs of people living with both conditions and the inequalities they experience within health care services.
objectiveWe combined theory, empirical evidence, and co-design approaches to develop a type 2 diabetes self-management intervention for people with SMI.
methodsThe development process encompassed 4 steps: step 1 involved prioritizing the mechanisms of action (MoAs) and behavior change techniques (BCTs) for the intervention. Using findings from primary qualitative research and systematic reviews, we selected candidate MoAs to target in the intervention and candidate BCTs to use. Expert stakeholders then ranked these MoAs and BCTs using a 2-phase survey. The average scores were used to generate a prioritized list of MoAs and BCTs. During step 2, we presented the survey results to an expert consensus workshop to seek expert agreement with the definitive list of MoAs and BCTs for the intervention and identify potential modes of delivery. Step 3 involved the development of trigger films using the evidence from steps 1 and 2. We used animations to present the experiences of people with SMI managing diabetes. These films were used in step 4, where we used a stakeholder co-design approach. This involved a series of structured workshops, where the co-design activities were informed by theory and evidence.
resultsUpon the completion of the 4-step process, we developed the DIAMONDS (diabetes and mental illness, improving outcomes and self-management) intervention. It is a tailored self-management intervention based on the synthesis of the outputs from the co-design process. The intervention incorporates a digital app, a paper-based workbook, and one-to-one coaching designed to meet the needs of people with SMI and coexisting type 2 diabetes.
conclusionsThe intervention development work was underpinned by the MoA theoretical framework and incorporated systematic reviews, primary qualitative research, expert stakeholder surveys, and evidence generated during co-design workshops. The intervention will now be tested for feasibility before undergoing a definitive evaluation in a pragmatic randomized controlled trial.
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