ArticleHarvard review of psychiatry
Accelerated Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Treat Major Depression: The Past, Present, and Future.
Article in Harvard review of psychiatry. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- Global trends and research hotspots in the treatment of mental disorders with transcranial magnetic stimulation: a bibliometric analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Theta burst stimulation for depression: a systematic review and network and pairwise meta-analysis.Molecular psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- Status and trends of TMS research in depressive disorder: a bibliometric and visual analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- A sequential dual-site repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for major depressive disorder: A randomized clinical trial.Cell reports. Medicine · 2025Trial
- Extended course accelerated intermittent theta burst stimulation as a substitute for depressed patients needing electroconvulsive therapy.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2025Trial
- A Pilot Trial of Stepwise Implementation of Virtual Reality Mindfulness and Accelerated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Treatments for Dysphoria in Neuropsychiatric Disorders.Depression and anxiety · 2023Trial
- Case Report: A Multimodal Treatment Approach Combining Multi-Target rTMS with a Modified, Largely Self-Administered, Clinician-Supervised Exposure and Response Prevention Protocol Using a Verbal Termination Cue in Two Patients with Severe Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Enhancing plasticity to treat depression and other central nervous system diseases using event-driven pharmacology.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2026Review
- Multiscale Mechanisms that Underlie Intermittent Theta-burst Stimulation in Post-stroke Motor Recovery: From Molecular Signaling to Network Reorganization.Translational stroke research · 2026Review
- How Standardized Is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Treatment for Depression? Large-Cohort Modeling Reveals Systematic Dosimetric Variability.Psychotherapy and psychosomatics · 2026Article
- Mapping the Digital Mind: A Meta-Analysis of EEG Biomarkers in Cognition, Emotion, and Mental Health.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Major Depressive Disorder: From Bench to Bedside-A Scoping Review of Neurobiological Mechanisms and Clinical Translation.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Resource utilization and economic outcomes following repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: a retrospective observational analysis.Journal of comparative effectiveness research · 2025Observational
- Treating Depression With Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A Clinician's Guide.The American journal of psychiatry · 2025Review
- Consensus review and considerations on TMS to treat depression: A comprehensive update endorsed by the National Network of Depression Centers, the Clinical TMS Society, and the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology.Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Review
- Brain tumor patient perceptions toward repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for rehabilitation after surgery.Neuro-oncology practice · 2025Article
- Exploring potential working mechanisms of accelerated HF-rTMS in refractory major depression with a focus on locus coeruleus connectivity.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2024Article
- Differential analgesic effects of high-frequency or accelerated intermittent theta burst stimulation of M1 on experimental tonic pain: Correlations with cortical activity changes assessed by TMS-EEG.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2024Article
- Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for the Treatment of Depression in a Real-World Setting: Findings from a Cohort Study.Brain sciences · 2024Article
- Chronometric TMS-fMRI of personalized left dorsolateral prefrontal target reveals state-dependency of subgenual anterior cingulate cortex effects.Molecular psychiatry · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is an effective and evidence-based therapy for treatment-resistant major depressive disorder. A conventional course of rTMS applies 20-30 daily sessions over 4-6 weeks. The schedule of rTMS delivery can be accelerated by applying multiple stimulation sessions per day, which reduces the duration of a treatment course with a predefined number of sessions. Accelerated rTMS reduces time demands, improves clinical efficiency, and potentially induces faster onset of antidepressant effects. However, considerable heterogeneity exists across study designs. Stimulation protocols vary in parameters such as the stimulation target, frequency, intensity, number of pulses applied per session or over a course of treatment, and duration of intersession intervals. In this article, clinician-researchers and neuroscientists who have extensive research experience in accelerated rTMS synthesize a consensus based on two decades of investigation and development, from early studies ("Past") to contemporaneous theta burst stimulation, a time-efficient form of rTMS gaining acceptance in clinical settings ("Present"). We propose descriptive nomenclature for accelerated rTMS, recommend avenues to optimize therapeutic and efficiency potential, and suggest using neuroimaging and electrophysiological biomarkers to individualize treatment protocols ("Future"). Overall, empirical studies show that accelerated rTMS protocols are well tolerated and not associated with serious adverse effects. Importantly, the antidepressant efficacy of accelerated rTMS appears comparable to conventional, once daily rTMS protocols. Whether accelerated rTMS induces antidepressant effects more quickly remains uncertain. On present evidence, treatment protocols incorporating high pulse dose and multiple treatments per day show promise and improved efficacy.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.