SynthesisHarvard review of psychiatry
The Impact of Sex Hormones on Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Measures of Cortical Excitability: A Systematic Review and Considerations for Clinical Practice.
Synthesis in Harvard review of psychiatry. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- From Oscillations to Brain States: Real-Time EEG-TMS for Adaptive Neuromodulation.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Sex Does Matter! The Influence of Sex on Outcomes of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS).Cells · 2026Review
- Synergy of Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields (ELFEFs) and Sex Hormones Against Oxidative Stress in Multiple Sclerosis.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Menstrual cycle hormonal fluctuations and their associations with athletic performance and injury susceptibility in female athletes.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2026Review
- Neurodevelopmental considerations for transcranial magnetic stimulation trials in youth.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Review
- The Impact of Sex Hormones on Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Against the Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis.Biomolecules · 2025Article
- Utilizing resting motor threshold to predict cognitive function in drug-naive patients with major depressive disorder.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Article
- Four dimensions of individualization in brain stimulation for psychiatric disorders: context, target, dose, and timing.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2025Review
- Sex-related differences in corticospinal excitability outcome measures of the biceps brachii during a submaximal elbow flexor contraction.Physiological reports · 2024Article
- Sex Determines Anterior Cingulate Cortex Cortical Thickness in the Course of Depression.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2024Article
- Introduction.Harvard review of psychiatryArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
abstractRepetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has emerged as a promising alternative for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD), although its clinical effectiveness varies substantially. The effects of sex hormone fluctuations on cortical excitability have been identified as potential factors that can explain this variability. However, data on how sex hormone changes affect clinical response to rTMS is limited. To address this gap, we reviewed the literature examining the effects of sex hormones and hormonal treatments on transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) measures of cortical excitability. Results show that variations of endogenous estrogen, testosterone, and progesterone have modulatory effects on TMS-derived measures of cortical excitability. Specifically, higher levels of estrogen and testosterone were associated with greater cortical excitability, while higher progesterone was associated with lower cortical excitability. This highlights the importance of additional investigation into the effects of hormonal changes on rTMS outcomes and circuit-specific physiological variables. These results call for TMS clinicians to consider performing more frequent motor threshold (MT) assessments in patients receiving high doses of estrogen, testosterone, and progesterone in cases such as in vitro fertilization, hormone replacement therapy, and gender-affirming hormonal treatments. It may also be important to consider physiological hormonal fluctuations and their impact on depressive symptoms and the MT when treating female patients with rTMS.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.