ReviewJournal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996)2023
The heterogeneity of Parkinson's disease.
Review in Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 68 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
68 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Standardized clinical assessments and advanced AI-driven instruments used to evaluate neurofunctional deficits, including within biomarker based framework, in Parkinson's disease - human intelligence made vs. AI models - systematic review.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- High frequency of LRRK2 p.Gly2019Ser in Moroccan Parkinson's disease: RFLP as a reliable genotyping approach.Neurogenetics · 2026Article
- Biological heterogeneity in Parkinson's disease: implications for MRI-based patient stratification.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2026Review
- A qPCR-based approach targeting the microbial gene markerJournal of Parkinson's disease · 2026Article
- A novel rat model of body first subtype of Parkinson's disease.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Disease-Duration-Specific Percentiles for Prospective Subtyping of Parkinson's Disease: A PPMI-Based Study.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2026Article
- Data-driven neurobiological subtyping of Parkinson's disease using diffusion MRI-derived isotropic diffusion.Neuroradiology · 2026Article
- Microglia-Specific Molecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging Probe Enables Noninvasive Separation of Parkinsonian Mice from Controls.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- A Biological Framework for Parkinson's Disease: Advances in α-Synuclein-Centered Biomarkers and Staging.Journal of neurochemistry · 2026Review
- Molecular profiling of alpha-synuclein pathology and seeding activity in Parkinson's disease.Acta neuropathologica · 2026Article
- Hippocampal atrophy in untreated de novo Parkinson's disease with obstructive sleep apnea.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2026Article
- Elevated levels of colonic interleukin-1beta and interleukin-8 in isolated REM sleep behavior disorder without associated changes in permeability.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2026Article
- Genetic Associations of Parkinson's Disease Clinical, Pathological, and Data-Driven Subtypes.Genes · 2026Article
- Cognitive trajectories in Parkinson's disease patients, a review on the impact of subthalamic deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) and emerging adaptive strategies.Translational psychiatry · 2026Review
- Bridging global diversity gaps in Parkinson disease research.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2026Review
- Behavioral screening defines the molecular Parkinsonism-related subgroups in Drosophila.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of post-mortem brain tissue reveals specific amino acid profile dysregulation in Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease patients.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2026Article
- Comparative Analysis of T-Cell Signatures and Astroglial Reactivity in Parkinson's Pathology Across Animal Models with Distinct Regenerative Capacities.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- A Canonical Neural Map and Its Deviations Shape Parkinson's Disease Phenotypes.Research square · 2026Article
- An interpretable, clinically grounded framework for digital speech biomarker development in neurodegenerative diseases.Frontiers in digital health · 2026Article
8 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The heterogeneity of Parkinson's disease (PD), i.e. the various clinical phenotypes, pathological findings, genetic predispositions and probably also the various implicated pathophysiological pathways pose a major challenge for future research projects and therapeutic trail design. We outline several pathophysiological concepts, pathways and mechanisms, including the presumed roles of α-synuclein misfolding and aggregation, Lewy bodies, oxidative stress, iron and melanin, deficient autophagy processes, insulin and incretin signaling, T-cell autoimmunity, the gut-brain axis and the evidence that microbial (viral) agents may induce molecular hallmarks of neurodegeneration. The hypothesis is discussed, whether PD might indeed be triggered by exogenous (infectious) agents in susceptible individuals upon entry via the olfactory bulb (brain first) or the gut (body-first), which would support the idea that disease mechanisms may change over time. The unresolved heterogeneity of PD may have contributed to the failure of past clinical trials, which attempted to slow the course of PD. We thus conclude that PD patients need personalized therapeutic approaches tailored to specific phenomenological and etiologic subtypes of disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.