ArticleJournal of global health2023
Prevalence and risk factors for long COVID after mild disease: A cohort study with a symptomatic control group.
Article in Journal of global health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Review of the Markers of Severity in Acute Respiratory Infections to Inform Primary Care Surveillance.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2025Pooled it
- Gender Disparities in Neurological Symptoms of Long COVID: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Neuroepidemiology · 2025Pooled it
- Characterizing health-related quality of life and identifying disease predictors among patients suspected of having long COVID: an analysis of COMET-ICE clinical trial data.Frontiers in public health · 2024Trial
- Sex- and Age-Dependent Neuroimmune Dysregulation and Early Neurodegenerative Signatures Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Golden Syrian Hamsters.Research square · 2026Article
- COVID-19 symptom duration: evidence from a survey of infected workers in Tokyo.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Prioritizing long COVID related single nucleotide polymorphisms by mining genome-wide association studies of COVID-19 susceptibility and hospitalization.Frontiers in systems biology · 2026Article
- Estimating Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on Health-Related Quality of Life Among Persons Aged 8 Years and Older, August 2020-July 2022.Journal of health economics and outcomes research · 2026Article
- Long COVID Disproportionately Reported by Disadvantaged Individuals: A National Survey of U.S. Working-Age Adults.Journal of general internal medicine · 2025Article
- Natural History of Self-reported Symptoms Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Target Trial Emulation in a Prospective Community-Based Cohort.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Association Between Vitamin D Levels and Long COVID Signs and Symptoms.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Post-COVID Condition and Neuroinflammation: Possible Management with Antioxidants.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Determinants of work ability among health and social services workers with work-related COVID-19 infection in Germany.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- Predictive biosignatures for hospitalization in patients with virologically confirmed COVID-19.Journal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA · 2025Article
- Association of LEF1-AS1 with cardiovascular and neurological complications of COVID-19.Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology plus · 2025Article
- Prevalence and risk factors of long COVID-19 persisting for 2 years in Hainan Province: a population-based prospective study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Post-infection symptoms up to 24 months after COVID-19: a matched cohort study in Berlin, Germany.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- LongitudinalViruses · 2024Article
- Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics Reveals a Salivary Signature for Low-Severity COVID-19.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Health inequities in COVID-19: insights from Rio de Janeiro's marginalised communities.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 7 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: There is limited data on the prevalence and risk factors for long COVID and few prospective studies with appropriate control groups and adequate sample sizes. We performed a prospective study to determine the prevalence and risk factors for long COVID. Methods: We recruited individuals aged ≥15 years who were clinically suspected of having an acute SARS-CoV-2 infection from September 2020 to April 2021. We collected nasopharyngeal swabs three to five days following symptom onset for analysing using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We also collected clinical and sociodemographic characteristics from both SARS-CoV-2 positive and negative participants using structured questionnaires. We followed-up the participants via telephone interview to assess early outcomes and persistent symptoms. For COVID-19 cases, 5D-3L EuroQol questionnaire was used to assess the impact of symptoms on quality of life. Results: We followed 814 participants (412 COVID-19 positive and 402 COVID-19 negative persons). Most (n = 741/814) had mild symptoms. Both groups had similar sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, except for the hospitalization rate (15.8% in the COVID-19 positive vs 1.5% in the COVID-19 negative group). One month after disease onset, 122/412 (29.6%) individuals in the COVID-19 positive (long COVID) and 24 (6%) in the COVID-19 negative group reported residual symptoms. In the long COVID group, fatigue, olfactory disorder, and myalgia were the most frequent symptoms in the acute phase. Compared to recovered individuals, older age and having more than five symptoms during the acute phase were risk factors for long COVID. Quality of life was evaluated in 102 out of 122 cases of long COVID, with 57 (55.9%) reporting an impact in at least one dimension of the European Quality of Life 5 Dimensions 3 Level (EQ-5D-3L) questionnaire. Conclusions: In this prospective study consisting predominantly of individuals with mild disease, the persistence of symptoms after an acute respiratory illness was associated with a diagnosis of COVID-19. Polysymptomatic acute disease and older age were risk factors for long COVID.
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