ArticleJournal of the Royal Society of Medicine2023
Socioeconomic inequalities of Long COVID: a retrospective population-based cohort study in the United Kingdom.
Article in Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 85 citations in OpenAlex.
- Understanding how social determinants of health shape Long COVID outcomes: a rapid review of evidence.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Pooled it
- Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety After COVID-19 Despite Systematic Telemedical Care: Results From the Prospective COVID-SMART Study.Depression and anxiety · 2025Trial
- Severity of activity limitation and prevalence of long COVID: a nationally representative cross-sectional study of adults in Scotland.Tropical medicine and health · 2026Article
- Characteristics, all-cause healthcare resource utilisation, and costs among high-risk adults with long COVID during Omicron predominance, 2022-2023: a retrospective cohort study using UK primary care data.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- Socio-Demographic Inequalities in COVID-19 Health Care Access and Experiences in the United Kingdom: Intersectional and Mixed-Methods Analyses of Open and Closed Questions in a Prospective Cohort Study.Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2026Article
- Psychopathologies in post-COVID outpatients differ from a psychosomatic control sample in a cross-sectional study.Discover mental health · 2026Article
- Prevalence and Risk Factors for Persistent Post-COVID-19 Condition at 3, 6, 12, and 18 Months After Initial Infection Among Adults Living in a Community of Japan: Yao COVID-19 Study.Journal of medical virology · 2026Article
- Exploring Long COVID diagnostic equity by sex, race and ethnicity, and insurance type.Preventive medicine reports · 2026Article
- Post-acute organ complications within one year following COVID-19 hospitalization and related socioeconomic inequalities.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Long term cardiometabolic outcomes in COVID positive patients.Journal of public health research · 2026Review
- Article
- Estimating the risk of post-COVID condition in deprived communities, migrants and ethnic minorities in England: findings from Virus Watch-a prospective community cohort study.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in Long COVID Prevalence Over One year After the Acute Phase, and Related Risk Factors. The GINA-COVID Cohort Study.International journal of women's health · 2026Article
- Article
- Characterization of Post-Viral Infection Behaviors Among Patients With Long COVID: Prospective, Observational, Longitudinal Cohort Analyses of Fitbit Data and Patient-Reported Outcomes.JMIR formative research · 2025Observational
- COVID-19-associated neurological and psychological manifestations.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2025Review
- Pre-pandemic lifestyle patterns and mental health outcomes among people reporting post-acute sequelae of COVID-19: evidence from a Slovenian population-based sample.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Long COVID in the population of COVID-19 hospitalized patients discharged from SUS' hospitals in Rio de Janeiro City, Brazil: a patient-engaged cohort survey study.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Living With Persistent Respiratory Symptoms of Long COVID: Qualitative Study Among Brazilian Adults 12 Months After Acute Infection.Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2025Article
- Intersectionality and Long Covid: Understanding the Lived Experiences of Ethnic Minority Groups in the United Kingdom.Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 7 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo estimate the risk of Long COVID by socioeconomic deprivation and to further examine the inequality by sex and occupation.
designWe conducted a retrospective population-based cohort study using data from the ONS COVID-19 Infection Survey between 26 April 2020 and 31 January 2022. This is the largest nationally representative survey of COVID-19 in the UK with longitudinal data on occupation, COVID-19 exposure and Long COVID.
settingCommunity-based survey in the UK.
participantsA total of 201,799 participants aged 16 to 64 years and with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection.
main outcome measuresThe risk of Long COVID at least 4 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infection by index of multiple deprivation (IMD) and the modifying effects of socioeconomic deprivation by sex and occupation.
resultsNearly 10% (
conclusionsThis study provides insights into the heterogeneous degree of inequality in Long COVID by deprivation, sex and occupation. These findings will help inform public health policies and interventions in incorporating a social justice and health inequality lens.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.