ArticlePLoS genetics2023
EARLY FLOWERING 3 interactions with PHYTOCHROME B and PHOTOPERIOD1 are critical for the photoperiodic regulation of wheat heading time.
Article in PLoS genetics, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It carries an expression of concern. Cited by 37 papers.
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37 citing papers in PubMed, 65 citations in OpenAlex.
- Structural and coding variation inbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- From photoperiod thresholds to photoperiod sensitivity: dual strategies for cost-effective speed breeding and climate-ready barley.Frontiers in plant science · 2026Article
- Fine tuning wheat heading time through genome editing of transcription factor binding sites in Ppd-1 gene promoter.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- A circadian transcriptional subnetwork and EARLY FLOWERING 3 control timing of senescence and grain nutrition in bread wheat.The New phytologist · 2025Article
- The FKF1-ELF3-PRC2 module regulates flowering time in response to light in temperate grasses.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Transcriptional activation and repression in the plant circadian clock: Revisiting core oscillator feedback loops and output pathways.Plant communications · 2025Review
- Ambient temperature influenced co-expression network of major developmental, circadian, and photoreceptor genes in bread wheat.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- GIGANTEA Is Required for Robust Circadian Rhythms in Wheat.Plant, cell & environment · 2025Article
- Lost in translation: What we have learned from attributes that do not translate from Arabidopsis to other plants.The Plant cell · 2025Review
- Engineering plant photoreceptors towards enhancing plant productivity.Plant molecular biology · 2025Review
- Both phytochrome A and phyB interact with PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTORs through an evolutionary conserved phyNature communications · 2025Article
- Dissecting the genetic architecture of key agronomic traits in lettuce using a MAGIC population.Genome biology · 2025Article
- Molecular genetic regulation of the vegetative-generative transition in wheat from an environmental perspective.Annals of botany · 2025Review
- Molecular characterization of a novel photoperiod-insensitive allele Ppd-B1a.3 and its effect on heading date in Chinese wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivar Qingchun 37.Journal of plant research · 2025Article
- Identification of robust yield quantitative trait loci derived from cultivated emmer for durum wheat improvement.The plant genome · 2025Article
- Breeding potential of Spanish bread wheat landraces: genetic variability in vernalization and photoperiod sensitivity.Frontiers in plant science · 2025Article
- Genome-wide association study to identify the genomic loci associated with wheat heading date variation under autumn-sowing conditions.PloS one · 2025Article
- A gain-of-function mutation at the C-terminus of FT-D1 promotes heading by interacting with 14-3-3A and FDL6 in wheat.Plant biotechnology journal · 2025Article
- An eight-founder wheat MAGIC population allows fine-mapping of flowering time loci and provides novel insights into the genetic control of flowering time.TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik · 2024Article
- Natural alleles of LEAFY and WAPO1 interact to regulate spikelet number per spike in wheat.TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The photoperiodic response is critical for plants to adjust their reproductive phase to the most favorable season. Wheat heads earlier under long days (LD) than under short days (SD) and this difference is mainly regulated by the PHOTOPERIOD1 (PPD1) gene. Tetraploid wheat plants carrying the Ppd-A1a allele with a large deletion in the promoter head earlier under SD than plants carrying the wildtype Ppd-A1b allele with an intact promoter. Phytochromes PHYB and PHYC are necessary for the light activation of PPD1, and mutations in either of these genes result in the downregulation of PPD1 and very late heading time. We show here that both effects are reverted when the phyB mutant is combined with loss-of-function mutations in EARLY FLOWERING 3 (ELF3), a component of the Evening Complex (EC) in the circadian clock. We also show that the wheat ELF3 protein interacts with PHYB and PHYC, is rapidly modified by light, and binds to the PPD1 promoter in planta (likely as part of the EC). Deletion of the ELF3 binding region in the Ppd-A1a promoter results in PPD1 upregulation at dawn, similar to PPD1 alleles with intact promoters in the elf3 mutant background. The upregulation of PPD1 is correlated with the upregulation of the florigen gene FLOWERING LOCUS T1 (FT1) and early heading time. Loss-of-function mutations in PPD1 result in the downregulation of FT1 and delayed heading, even when combined with the elf3 mutation. Taken together, these results indicate that ELF3 operates downstream of PHYB as a direct transcriptional repressor of PPD1, and that this repression is relaxed both by light and by the deletion of the ELF3 binding region in the Ppd-A1a promoter. In summary, the regulation of the light mediated activation of PPD1 by ELF3 is critical for the photoperiodic regulation of wheat heading time.
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