ArticlePlastic and reconstructive surgery2024
Electrochemical Lipolysis Induces Adipocyte Death and Fat Necrosis: In Vivo Pilot Study in Pigs.
Article in Plastic and reconstructive surgery, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed, 1 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of Tissue Handling and Size Modification on Septal Chondrocyte Viability.The Laryngoscope · 2024Article
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17 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCurrent minimally invasive fat reduction modalities use equipment that can cost thousands of U.S. dollars. Electrochemical lipolysis (ECLL), using low-cost battery and electrodes (approximately $10), creates acid/base within fat (width, approximately 3 mm), damaging adipocytes. Longitudinal effects of ECLL have not been studied. In this pilot study, the authors hypothesize that in vivo ECLL induces fat necrosis, decreases adipocyte number/viability, and forms lipid droplets.
methodsTwo female Yorkshire pigs (50 to 60 kg) received ECLL. In pig 1, 10 sites received ECLL, and 10 sites were untreated. In pig 2, 12 sites received ECLL and 12 sites were untreated. For ECLL, two electrodes were inserted into dorsal subcutaneous fat and direct current was applied for 5 minutes. Adverse effects of excessive pain, bleeding, infection, and agitation were monitored. Histology, live-dead (calcein, Hoechst, ethidium homodimer-1), and morphology (Bodipy and Hoechst) assays were performed on day 0 and postprocedure days 1, 2, 7, 14 (pig 1 and pig 2), and 28 (pig 2). Average particle area, fluorescence signal areas, and adipocytes and lipid droplet numbers were compared.
resultsNo adverse effects occurred. Live-dead assays showed adipocyte death on the anode on days 0 to 7 and the cathode on days 1 to 2 (not significant). Bodipy showed significant adipocyte loss at all sites ( P < 0.001) and lipid droplet formation at the cathode site on day 2 ( P = 0.0046). Histology revealed fat necrosis with significant increases in average particle area at the anode and cathode sites by day 14 (+277.3% change compared with untreated, P < 0.0001; +143.4%, P < 0.0001) and day 28 (+498.6%, P < 0.0001; +354.5%, P < 0.0001).
conclusionsIn vivo ECLL induces fat necrosis in pigs. Further studies are needed to evaluate volumetric fat reduction. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: In vivo ECLL induces adipocyte death and fat necrosis. ECLL has the potential to be utilized in body fat contouring.
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