ArticleJournal of travel medicine2023
Infections transmitted via the faecal-oral route: a simple score for a global risk map.
Article in Journal of travel medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Incidence and trends for notifiable infectious diseases in Shenyang, China, 2005-2024.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Article
- Effect of a structured teaching programme on mothers' knowledge and utilisation of oral rehydration solution.African journal of primary health care & family medicine · 2025Article
- Examining the psychosocial drivers of handwashing behaviour among school children.Health psychology and behavioral medicine · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionFaecal-oral transmission refers to the process whereby disease is transmitted via the faeces of an infected individual to the mouth of a susceptible individual. This transmission can occur through failures in sanitation systems leading to exposure via various routes in particular contaminated water, food, and hands. Travellers' diarrhoea is the most common travel-related illness. A score could enhance risk assessment and pre-travel advice.
methodsA simple score was developed based on the frequency of defecating in the open (country prevalence > 1%), occurrence of cholera in the period between 2021 and 2017 (one or more case in a country) and reported typhoid fever cases between 2015 and 2019.
resultsData were available for 199 out of 214 countries for the score to be applied. 19% of the 199 countries scored as high risk countries for faecal-oral transmission (score 3), 47% as medium risk (score 2), and 34% as minimal risk (score 0). The percentage of countries scoring 3 was highest in Africa (63%) and lowest in Europe and Oceania (score 0).
conclusionsA global risk map was developed based on a simple score that could aid travel medicine providers in providing pre-travel risk assessment. For travellers to high and medium risk countries, pre-travel consultation must include detailed advice on food and water hygiene.
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Registered trials
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