ArticleBJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology2025
Vulnerable newborn types: analysis of subnational, population-based birth cohorts for 541 285 live births in 23 countries, 2000-2021.
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Article in BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Associations between Nugent-bacterial vaginosis and preterm birth and other adverse pregnancy outcomes in rural northwestern Bangladesh.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2026Trial
- Emerging applications of artificial intelligence for obstetric ultrasound: A scoping review.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2026Article
- Article
- Prevalence of Large-for-Gestational Age and Macrosomia Among Livebirths in 23 Low- and Middle-Income Countries Between 2000 and 2021: An Individual Participant Data Analysis.BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology · 2025Article
- Neonatal mortality risk of vulnerable newborns: A descriptive analysis of subnational, population-based birth cohorts for 238 203 live births in low- and middle-income settings from 2000 to 2017.BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology · 2025Article
- Stillbirths: Contribution of preterm birth and size-for-gestational age for 125.4 million total births from nationwide records in 13 countries, 2000-2020.BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology · 2025Article
- Vulnerable newborn types: analysis of subnational, population-based birth cohorts for 541 285 live births in 23 countries, 2000-2021.BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology · 2025Article
- Mortality and risk factors of small vulnerable newborns in 32 low- and middle-income countries.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Born too soon: global epidemiology of preterm birth and drivers for change.Reproductive health · 2025Article
- Identifying First-Trimester Risk Factors for SGA-LGA Using Weighted Inheritance Voting Ensemble Learning.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Supplementation with fortified balanced energy-protein during pregnancy and lactation and its effects on birth outcomes and infant growth in southern Nepal: protocol of a 2×2 factorial randomised trial.BMJ paediatrics open · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
98 authors at 20 institutions in 28 countries.
D J ErchickDepartment of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2852-280X
E A HazelDepartment of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9176-3278
J KatzDepartment of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
A C C LeeDepartment of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
M DiazDepartment of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
L S F WuDepartment of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
S YoshidaDepartment of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and Ageing, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
R BahlDepartment of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and Ageing, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
C GrandiArgentine Society of Paediatrics, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
A B LabriqueDepartment of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
M RashidIntraHealth International, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
S AhmedProjahnmo Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
A D RoyProjahnmo Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
R HaqueJiVitA Maternal and Child Health Research Project, Rangpur, Bangladesh.
S ShaikhJiVitA Maternal and Child Health Research Project, Rangpur, Bangladesh.
A H BaquiDepartment of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
S K SahaChild Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
R KhanamDepartment of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
S RahmanDepartment of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
R ShapiroDepartment of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
R ZashBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
M F SilveiraPostgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.
R BuffariniPostgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.
P KolsterenDepartment of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
C LachatDepartment of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
L HuybregtsDepartment of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
D RoberfroidMedicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium.
L ZengDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.
Z ZhuDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.
J HeDivision of Birth Cohort Study, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
X QiuDivision of Birth Cohort Study, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1248-229X
S H GebreyesusDepartment of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
K TesfamariamDepartment of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
D BekeleDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
G ChanDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
E BayeDepartment of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
F WorknehAddis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
K P AsanteKintampo Health Research Centre, Research and Development Division, Kintampo, Ghana.
E B KaaliKintampo Health Research Centre, Research and Development Division, Kintampo, Ghana.
S Adu-AfarwuahDepartment of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
K G DeweyInstitute for Global Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
S GyaaseDepartment of Statistics, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Kintampo, Ghana.
B J WylieDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
B R KirkwoodEpidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
A ManuEpidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
R D ThulasirajAravind Eye Care System, Madurai, India.
J TielschDepartment of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
R ChowdhuryCentre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, Delhi, India.
S TanejaCentre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, Delhi, India.
G R BabuDepartment of Population Medicine, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
P ShriyanIndian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Bengaluru, India.
P AshornCenter for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
K MaletaSchool of Global and Public Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi.
U AshornCenter for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
C ManganiSchool of Global and Public Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi.
S Acevedo-GallegosNational Institute of Perinatology, Maternal-Fetal Medicine Department, Mexico City, Mexico.
M J Rodriguez-SibajaNational Institute of Perinatology, Maternal-Fetal Medicine Department, Mexico City, Mexico.
S K KhatryNepal Nutrition Intervention Project - Sarlahi (NNIPS), Kathmandu, Nepal.
S C LeClerqDepartment of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
L C MullanyDepartment of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
F JehanDepartment of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
M IlyasThe Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
S J RogersonDepartment of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
H W UngerMenzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.
R GhoshInstitute for Global Health Sciences, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7839-4148
S MusangeSchool of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda.
V RamokoloHIV and Other Infectious Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.
W Zembe-MkabileHealth Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.
M LazzeriniInstitute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS 'Burlo Garofolo', WHO Collaborating Centre for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy.
M RishardUniversity Obstetrics Unit, De Soysa Hospital for Women, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
D WangDepartment of Global and Community Health, College of Public Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA.
W W FawziDepartment of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
D T R MinjaNational Institute for Medical Research, Tanga Centre, Tanga, Tanzania.
C SchmiegelowCentre for Medical Parasitology, Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9360-9741
H MasanjaIfakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
E SmithDepartment of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, DC, USA.
J P A LusinguNational Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
O A MsemoNational Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
F M KaboleMinistry of Health Zanzibar, Zanzibar, Tanzania.
S N SlimMinistry of Health Zanzibar, Zanzibar, Tanzania.
P KeentupthaiCollege of Medicine and Public Health, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand.
A MongkolchatiASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand.
R KajubiInfectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda.
A KakuruInfectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda.
P WaiswaDepartment of Health Policy Planning and Management, Makerere University School of Public Health, New Mulago Hospital Complex, Kampala, Uganda.
D WalkerInstitute for Global Health Sciences and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
D H HamerDepartment of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
K E A SemrauAriadne Labs, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8360-1391
E B ChapondaDepartment of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
R M ChicoDepartment of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1795-7100
B BandaResearch Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
K MusokotwaneHealth Specialist PMTCT and Pediatric AIDS, UNICEF, Lusaka, Zambia.
A ManasyanUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
J M PryCentre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6312-4420
B ChasekwaZvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe.
J HumphreyDepartment of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
R E BlackDepartment of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Subnational Vulnerable Newborn Prevalence Collaborative Group and Vulnerable Newborn Measurement Core Group
Johns Hopkins University · USBrigham and Women's Hospital · USChild Health Research Foundation · BDGhent University · BEKintampo Health Research Centre · GHAga Khan University · PKBiomedical Research Foundation · BDGuangzhou Women and Children Medical Center · CNHarvard University · USInfectious Diseases Research Collaboration · UGInstituto Nacional de Perinatología · MXMilken Institute · USNational Institute for Medical Research · TZSociety for Applied Studies · INSouth African Medical Research Council · ZATampere University Hospital · FIUniversidade Federal de Pelotas · BRUniversity of California, San Francisco · USUniversity of Ghana · GHUniversity of Malawi · MW
Funding
World Health Organization 001
Abstract
objectiveTo examine prevalence of novel newborn types among 541 285 live births in 23 countries from 2000 to 2021.
designDescriptive multi-country secondary data analysis.
settingSubnational, population-based birth cohort studies (n = 45) in 23 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) spanning 2000-2021. POPULATION: Liveborn infants.
methodsSubnational, population-based studies with high-quality birth outcome data from LMICs were invited to join the Vulnerable Newborn Measurement Collaboration. We defined distinct newborn types using gestational age (preterm [PT], term [T]), birthweight for gestational age using INTERGROWTH-21st standards (small for gestational age [SGA], appropriate for gestational age [AGA] or large for gestational age [LGA]), and birthweight (low birthweight, LBW [<2500 g], nonLBW) as ten types (using all three outcomes), six types (by excluding the birthweight categorisation), and four types (by collapsing the AGA and LGA categories). We defined small types as those with at least one classification of LBW, PT or SGA. We presented study characteristics, participant characteristics, data missingness, and prevalence of newborn types by region and study.
resultsAmong 541 285 live births, 476 939 (88.1%) had non-missing and plausible values for gestational age, birthweight and sex required to construct the newborn types. The median prevalences of ten types across studies were T+AGA+nonLBW (58.0%), T+LGA+nonLBW (3.3%), T+AGA+LBW (0.5%), T+SGA+nonLBW (14.2%), T+SGA+LBW (7.1%), PT+LGA+nonLBW (1.6%), PT+LGA+LBW (0.2%), PT+AGA+nonLBW (3.7%), PT+AGA+LBW (3.6%) and PT+SGA+LBW (1.0%). The median prevalence of small types (six types, 37.6%) varied across studies and within regions and was higher in Southern Asia (52.4%) than in Sub-Saharan Africa (34.9%).
conclusionsFurther investigation is needed to describe the mortality risks associated with newborn types and understand the implications of this framework for local targeting of interventions to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes in LMICs.
Indexed as
Birth WeightLive BirthAdultBirth CohortDeveloping CountriesFemaleGestational AgeHumansInfant, Low Birth WeightInfant, NewbornInfant, Small for Gestational AgeMalePregnancyPrevalencelow birthweightnewbornpreterm birthsmall for gestational age
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