SynthesisPloS one2023
The economic burden of antibiotic resistance: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 141 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
141 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Global trends in travel-related antimicrobial resistance: a systematic review, 2020-2024.International health · 2026Pooled it
- The Economics of Antibiotic Resistance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Based on Global Research.Applied health economics and health policy · 2026Pooled it
- Understanding how veterinarians' knowledge, attitudes, and practices influence antibiotic prescription: a systematic review of survey studies.BMC veterinary research · 2025Pooled it
- Global knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards antimicrobial resistance among healthcare workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2025Pooled it
- Epidemiology of clinical antimicrobial-resistant Enterobacterales in Togo over three decades: a systematic review and meta-analysis, with recommendations and alternative solutions.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Antibiotic resistance in hospital wastewater in West Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- Economic Burden of Inappropriate Antibiotic Prescribing Attributable to Dengue in Singapore.PharmacoEconomics - open · 2026Article
- Antibacterial consumption in four paediatric inpatient facilities in Sri Lanka in 2023: a cross-sectional descriptive study.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Microbiological Profile of Pathogens Among Patients at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Mumbai, India.Cureus · 2026Article
- ESKAPE Pathogens in a Hungarian Emergency Department: A 5-Year Retrospective Observational Study of Prevalence and Resistance Patterns Utilizing the AWaRe Framework.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Antimicrobial Resistance in Six Priority Bacteria in Italy: Trends and Regional Variation, 2015-2024.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Transcriptomic Responses of MRSA to Penicillin-Modulating Phlorotannins Derived fromMarine drugs · 2026Article
- Molecular determinants of antimicrobial resistance inMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Budget impact analysis of aztreonam-avibactam for metallo-β-lactamase carbapenem-resistant enterobacterales infections in China.Infection · 2026Article
- A custom GPT-based model for the automated analysis and interpretation of antimicrobial susceptibility tests in Gram-negative bacteria.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2026Article
- A Novel Ag/AgCl/AgMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- How Medically Important Antimicrobials Bind to the 30S Ribosomal Subunit in a Bacterial Pathogen.Biochemistry · 2026Article
- The burden of antimicrobial-resistant bacterial infections: a causal perspective.Nature communications · 2026Review
- Epidemiological trends of multidrug-resistant organisms in a tertiary-care pediatric hospital, 2017-2023.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- Substandard and falsified systemic anti-infectives in Peru.Revista peruana de medicina experimental y salud publica · 2026Article
81 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionAntibiotic resistance (ABR) has substantial global public health concerns. This systematic review aimed to synthesise recent evidence estimating the economic burden of ABR, characterised by study perspectives, healthcare settings, study design, and income of the countries.
methodsThis systematic review included peer-reviewed articles from PubMed, Medline, and Scopus databases, and grey literature on the topic of the economic burden of ABR, published between January 2016 and December 2021. The study was reported in line with 'Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis' (PRISMA). Two reviewers independently screened papers for inclusion first by title, then abstract, and then the full text. Study quality was assessed using appropriate quality assessment tools. Narrative synthesis and meta-analyses of the included studies were conducted.
resultsA total of 29 studies were included in this review. Out of these studies, 69% (20/29) were conducted in high-income economies and the remainder were conducted in upper-and-middle income economies. Most of the studies were conducted from a healthcare or hospital perspective (89.6%, 26/29) and 44.8% (13/29) studies were conducted in tertiary care settings. The available evidence indicates that the attributable cost of resistant infection ranges from -US$2,371.4 to +US$29,289.1 (adjusted for 2020 price) per patient episode; the mean excess length of stay (LoS) is 7.4 days (95% CI: 3.4-11.4), the odds ratios of mortality for resistant infection is 1.844 (95% CI: 1.187-2.865) and readmission is 1.492 (95% CI: 1.231-1.807).
conclusionRecent publications show that the burden of ABR is substantial. There is still a lack of studies on the economic burden of ABR from low-income economies, and lower-middle-income economies, from a societal perspective, and in relation to primary care. The findings of this review may be of value to researchers, policymakers, clinicians, and those who are working in the field of ABR and health promotion. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: CRD42020193886.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.