ReviewFrontiers in immunology2023
Long COVID: a review and proposed visualization of the complexity of long COVID.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Long-term neurological and cognitive impact of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis in over 4 million patients.BMC neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Post-COVID-19 conditions: a systematic review on advanced magnetic resonance neuroimaging findings.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2024Pooled it
- Functional brain abnormalities in post COVID-19 condition and their relationship with cognition.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- ACE2-like Catalytic Activity in Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Monoclonal Antibodies.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Experiences of COVID-19 survivors in Gauteng province, South Africa: socioecological implications for South Africa's preparedness for future pandemics.Health promotion international · 2026Article
- A quantitative metabolic signature of host response during SARS-CoV-2 infection and recovery.iScience · 2026Article
- Characterization of subchronic lung and brain consequences caused by mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A infection of C57BL6 mice.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- A randomised, placebo-controlled, triple-blind clinical trial to investigate the efficacy ofFrontiers in human neuroscience · 2026Article
- Longitudinal Monitoring of Brain Volume Changes After COVID-19 Infection Using Artificial Intelligence-Based MRI Volumetry.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Pre-pandemic diabetes and risk of long COVID: longitudinal evidence.Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders · 2025Article
- Molecular profiling of exhaled breath condensate in respiratory diseases.Annals of medicine · 2025Review
- Article
- Involvement of oxidative stress in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19: clinical implications.Redox report : communications in free radical research · 2025Article
- Article
- Individuals' perceptions of Long Covid: a phenomenological approach to an online health community narratives.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- Age-Related Changes in the Clinical Picture of Long COVID.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2025Article
- Article
- Wearable-derived Sleep Measurements are Associated with Long-COVID in the RECOVER Adult Cohort.Research square · 2025Article
- Article
- Functional Autoantibodies Targeting G-Protein-Coupled Receptors and Their Clinical Phenotype in Patients with Long-COVID.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Post-Acute Sequelae of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus - 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, or Long COVID, is a prevailing second pandemic with nearly 100 million affected individuals globally and counting. We propose a visual description of the complexity of Long COVID and its pathogenesis that can be used by researchers, clinicians, and public health officials to guide the global effort toward an improved understanding of Long COVID and the eventual mechanism-based provision of care to afflicted patients. The proposed visualization or framework for Long COVID should be an evidence-based, dynamic, modular, and systems-level approach to the condition. Furthermore, with further research such a framework could establish the strength of the relationships between pre-existing conditions (or risk factors), biological mechanisms, and resulting clinical phenotypes and outcomes of Long COVID. Notwithstanding the significant contribution that disparities in access to care and social determinants of health have on outcomes and disease course of long COVID, our model focuses primarily on biological mechanisms. Accordingly, the proposed visualization sets out to guide scientific, clinical, and public health efforts to better understand and abrogate the health burden imposed by long COVID.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.