ReviewFrontiers in immunology2023
Immune interference in effectiveness of influenza and COVID-19 vaccination.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Safety and immunogenicity of a COVID-19-Influenza Combination nanoparticle vaccine (CIC) containing SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike and quadrivalent influenza hemagglutinin with Matrix-M® adjuvant: A phase 1/2 clinical trial.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Trial
- Antibody persistence of standard versus double three-dose hepatitis B vaccine in liver transplant children: a randomized controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- Heterogeneity in the psychological antecedents of influenza vaccination among Chinese older adults: A 5C model approach.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Induction of Humoral and Cellular Immunity After SARS-CoV-2 JN.1 Vaccination in Individuals With and Without Prior Infection.European journal of immunology · 2026Article
- Update on the Efficacy of Vaccination on Host Immunity to Influenza Virus Infection.International archives of allergy and immunology · 2026Review
- Intranasal Drug Delivery: Exploiting Nasal Anatomy for Enhanced Therapeutic Outcomes.Current pharmaceutical design · 2026Review
- A narrative review of heterogeneity in SARS-CoV-2 infection outcomes and vaccine efficacy: strategizing pandemic preparedness in Africa.Frontiers in public health · 2026Review
- Exploratory evidence of mitigated immune imprinting following concomitant COVID-19 and influenza vaccination.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Review
- Article
- Comparative analysis of epidemiological and Spatiotemporal patterns in seasonal influenza and COVID-19 outbreaks.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The Impact of Vaccination on COVID-19, Influenza, and Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Related Outcomes: A Narrative Review.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2025Review
- Assessing the determinants of influenza and COVID-19 vaccine co-administration decisions in the elderly.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Article
- Review
- Vaccination with Tozimameran Induces T-Cell Activation, but Not Senescent or Exhaustive Alterations, in Kidney Transplant Recipients.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Review
- COVID-19: On the threshold of the fifth year. The situation in Spain.Revista espanola de quimioterapia : publicacion oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia · 2024Review
- The association between influenza vaccination and the perception of COVID-19 as well as COVID-19 vaccination behavior among community residents in Anhui province, China.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Article
- Efficacy of a monovalent (D614) SARS-CoV-2 recombinant protein vaccine with AS03 adjuvant in adults: a phase 3, multi-country study.EClinicalMedicine · 2023Article
- Safety and Immunogenicity of the BNT162b2 Vaccine Coadministered with Seasonal Inactivated Influenza Vaccine in Adults.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Vaccines are known to function as the most effective interventional therapeutics for controlling infectious diseases, including polio, smallpox, rabies, tuberculosis, influenza and SARS-CoV-2. Smallpox has been eliminated completely and polio is almost extinct because of vaccines. Rabies vaccines and Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccines could effectively protect humans against respective infections. However, both influenza vaccines and COVID-19 vaccines are unable to eliminate these two infectious diseases of their highly variable antigenic sites in viral proteins. Vaccine effectiveness (VE) could be negatively influenced (i.e., interfered with) by immune imprinting of previous infections or vaccinations, and repeated vaccinations could interfere with VE against infections due to mismatch between vaccine strains and endemic viral strains. Moreover, VE could also be interfered with when more than one kind of vaccine is administrated concomitantly (i.e., co-administrated), suggesting that the VE could be modulated by the vaccine-induced immunity. In this review, we revisit the evidence that support the interfered VE result from immune imprinting or repeated vaccinations in influenza and COVID-19 vaccine, and the interference in co-administration of these two types of vaccines is also discussed. Regarding the development of next-generation COVID-19 vaccines, the researchers should focus on the induction of cross-reactive T-cell responses and naive B-cell responses to overcome negative effects from the immune system itself. The strategy of co-administrating influenza and COVID-19 vaccine needs to be considered more carefully and more clinical data is needed to verify this strategy to be safe and immunogenic.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.