ArticleFrontiers in oncology2023
The development and validation of a patient-reported outcome measure to assess financial hardship among older cancer survivors in China: hardship and recovery with distress survey.
Article in Frontiers in oncology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of financial toxicity measurement instruments for cancer patients based on the COSMIN guideline.Journal of patient-reported outcomes · 2026Pooled it
- Measuring the Socioeconomic Impact of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Standardized Assessment of Patient-Reported Outcomes (PRO) Instruments.PharmacoEconomics - open · 2025Pooled it
- Measures of financial toxicity in cancer survivors: a systematic review.Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 2024Pooled it
- Evaluating test-retest reliability of patient-reported outcome measures in cancer patients: a protocol for a methodological systematic review.Systematic reviews · 2026Article
- Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the ENRICh scale for Chinese infertile patients: a methodological and cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Analyzing Online Search Trends for Kidney, Prostate, and Bladder Cancers in China: Infodemiology Study Using Baidu Search Data (2011-2023).JMIR cancer · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Financial hardship has been described as a patient's economic experiencefollowing cancer-related treatment. Standardized patient-reported outcome measures(PROM) to assess this distress has not been well-studied, especially among older cancer survivors. Objective: The aim of this study was to develop and validate PROM for assessing the financial hardship of older cancer survivors in China. Methods: Items were generated using qualitative interviews and literature review. Items were screened based on Delphi expert consultation and patients' opinions. Item response theory (IRT) and classical test theory (CTT) were used to help reduce items. Retained items formed a pilot instrument that was subjected to psychometric testing. A cut-off score for the new instrument for predicting poor quality of life was identified by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Results: Qualitative interviews and literature review generated 135 items, which were reduced to 60 items because of redundancy. Following Delphi expert consultation and patients' evaluation, 24 items with high importance were extracted. Sixteen items were selected due to satisfactory statistical analysis based on CTT and IRT. Ten items were retained and comprised 2 domains after loadings in exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Internal consistency was satisfactory (α = 0.838). Test-retest reliability was good (intraclass correlation, 0.909). The ROC analysis suggested that the cut-off of 18.5 yielded an acceptable sensitivity and specificity. Conclusions: The PROM for Hardship and Recovery with Distress Survey (HARDS) consists of 10 items that specifically reflect the experiences of financial hardship among older Chinese cancer survivors, and it also showed good reliability and validity in clinical settings.
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