ArticleScientific reports2023
The difference in the cellular uptake of tocopherol and tocotrienol is influenced by their affinities to albumin.
Article in Scientific reports, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Tocotrienols exhibit superior ferroptosis inhibition over tocopherols.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Molecular Insights in the Anticancer Activity of Natural Tocotrienols: Targeting Mitochondrial Metabolism and Cellular Redox Homeostasis.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- An examination into the effects of tocotrienols (TheraPrimE® rice) on cognitive abilities and sleep in healthy adults: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Gallic acid potentiates the anticancer efficacy of cisplatin in ovarian cancer cells through modulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling pathways.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
- Unveiling the vitamin E profile in rice bran extracellular vesicles: evaluation of extraction and preparation methods.Analytical sciences : the international journal of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry · 2024Article
- Enhancing the Bioavailability and Bioactivity of Curcumin for Disease Prevention and Treatment.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Vitamin E is classified into tocopherol (Toc) and tocotrienol (T3) based on its side chains. T3 generally has higher cellular uptake than Toc, though the responsible mechanism remains unclear. To elucidate this mechanism, we hypothesized and investigated whether serum albumin is a factor that induces such a difference in the cellular uptake of Toc and T3. Adding bovine serum albumin (BSA) to serum-depleted media increased the cellular uptake of T3 and decreased that of Toc, with varying degrees among α-, β-, γ-, and δ-analogs. Such enhanced uptake of α-T3 was not observed when cells were incubated under low temperature (the uptake of α-Toc was also reduced), suggesting that Toc and T3 bind to albumin to form a complex that results in differential cellular uptake of vitamin E. Fluorescence quenching study confirmed that vitamin E certainly bound to BSA, and that T3 showed a higher affinity than Toc. Molecular docking further indicated that the differential binding energy of Toc or T3 to BSA is due to the Van der Waals interactions via their side chain. Overall, these results suggested that the affinity of Toc and T3 to albumin differs due to their side chains, causing the difference in their albumin-mediated cellular uptake. Our results give a better mechanistic insight into the physiological action of vitamin E.
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