ArticleJournal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology2023
Optimization of a method for collecting infant and toddler urine for non-target analysis using cotton pads and commercially available disposable diapers.
Article in Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 4 citations in OpenAlex.
- Assessing environmental exposures in children: toward a comprehensive exposome approach.Pediatric research · 2026Review
- Urine Metabolism Biomarkers Predict Preterm Infant Adiposity at Hospital Discharge.Molecular nutrition & food research · 2026Article
- Silicone Ankle Bands as a Tool to Assess Infant Exposures to Semivolatile Organic Chemicals in Indoor Environments.Environmental science & technology letters · 2025Article
- Metabolic maturation in the infant urine during the first 3 months of life.Scientific reports · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundUrine is an abundant and useful medium for measuring biomarkers related to chemical exposures in infants and children. Identification of novel biomarkers is greatly enhanced with non-targeted analysis (NTA), a powerful methodology for broad chemical analysis of environmental and biological specimens. However, collecting urine in non-toilet trained children presents many challenges, and contamination from specimen collection can impact NTA results.
objectivesWe optimized a caregiver-driven method for collecting urine from infants and children using cotton pads and commercially available disposable diapers for NTA and demonstrate its applicability to various children biomonitoring studies.
methodsExperiments were first performed to evaluate the effects of processing method (i.e., centrifuge vs. syringe), storage temperature, and diaper brand on recovery of urine absorbed to cotton pads. Caregivers of 11 children (<2 years) used and retained diapers (with cotton pads) to collect their child's urine for 24 h. Specimens were analyzed via a NTA method implementing an exclusion list of ions related to contamination from collection materials.
resultsCentrifuging cotton pads through a small-pore membrane, compared to a manual syringe method, and storing diapers at 4 °C, compared to room temperature, resulted in larger volumes of recovered sample. This method was successfully implemented to recover urine from cotton pads collected in the field; between 5-9 diapers were collected per child in 24 h, and the total mean volume of urine recovered was 44.7 (range 26.7-71.1) mL. NTA yielded a list of compounds present in urine and/or stool that may hold promise as biomarkers of chemical exposures from a variety of sources. IMPACT STATEMENT: Infant and children urine is a valuable matrix for studies of the early life exposome, in that numerous biological markers of exposure and outcome can be derived from a single analysis. Depending on the nature of the exposure study, it may be the case that a simple collection method that can be facilitated by caregivers of young children is desirable, especially when time-integrated samples or large volumes of urine are needed. We describe the process for development and results of an optimized method for urine collection and analysis using commercially available diapers and non-target analysis.
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