ArticleJournal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology2023
Environmental tobacco smoke exposure is associated with increased levels of metals in children's saliva.
Article in Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Heavy Metals, Trace Elements, and Smoking Biomarkers in Venous and Cupping Blood Before and After Wet Cupping Therapy.Biological trace element research · 2026Article
- Detrimental effect of metal contaminants on forensic DNA analysis and strategies for mitigation.International journal of legal medicine · 2026Review
- Exploring saliva as a biofluid for biomonitoring of diet-related contaminants exposure: insights from a literature mining approach.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Review
- Environmental tobacco smoke is a major contributor to lead, cadmium, and arsenic in settled house dust.Chemosphere · 2026Article
- Not all saliva samples are equal: The role of cellular heterogeneity in DNA methylation and epigenetic age analyses with biological and psychosocial factors.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2026Article
- Salivary cotinine and S100A8/A9 levels in children exposed to environmental tobacco smoke: a case-control study.Journal of applied oral science : revista FOB · 2026Observational
- Human Exposure to Metals and Potential Human Health Risk in a Volcanic Environment in Italy.Toxics · 2025Article
- A Narrative Review of Metallomic Studies: Revealing the Toxic Metal Burden in Tobacco Smokers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Biomarkers of metal exposure in adolescent e-cigarette users: correlations with vaping frequency and flavouring.Tobacco control · 2025Article
- Evidence of Organ-Specific Metal Accumulation: ICP-MS Elemental Analysis of Autopsy Tissues of Tobacco Smokers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Potentially toxic metals in umbilical cord blood as a biomarker for passive smoker women.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Carob extract restores testicular function and sperm quality in cadmium-exposed mice: An experimental study.International journal of reproductive biomedicine · 2025Article
- Joint effects of tobacco smoke exposure and heavy metals on serum sex hormones in adult males.Hormones (Athens, Greece) · 2025Article
- Racialized experience, biomarkers of lead exposure, and later-life cognition: a mediation analysis.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Multi-Omics Assessment of Puff Volume-Mediated Salivary Biomarkers of Metal Exposure and Oxidative Injury Associated with Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems.Environmental health perspectives · 2025Article
- Impact of smoking on the complement system: a narrative review.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Increased risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adolescents with high salivary levels of copper, manganese, and zinc.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2024Article
- The salivary metabolome of children and parental caregivers in a large-scale family environment study.npj metabolic health and disease · 2024Article
- Article
- Unraveling the link: environmental tobacco smoke exposure and its impact on infertility among American women (18-50 years).Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundExposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) has been associated with detectable levels of cotinine (a nicotine metabolite) in children's saliva. However, tobacco smoke also contains toxic and essential trace metals, including chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn).
objectiveThe current study examines whether there is a relationship between ETS exposure, as gauged by salivary cotinine, and salivary levels of these metals in a subset (n = 238) of children from the Family Life Project.
methodsUsing inductively-coupled-plasma optical emission spectrophotometry, we measured levels of metals in saliva from children at ~90 months of age. Salivary cotinine was measured using a commercial immunoassay.
resultsWe found that Cr, Cu, Mn, and Zn were detected in most samples (85-99%) with lower levels of detection for Pb and Ni (9.3% and 13.9% respectively). There were no significant differences in any of the metal concentrations between males and females, nor were levels associated with body mass index, although significant differences in salivary Cr and Mn by race, state and income-to-needs ratio were observed. Children with cotinine levels >1 ng/ml had higher levels of Zn (b = 0.401, 95% CI: 0.183 to 0.619; p = 0.0003) and Cu (b = 0.655, 95% CI: 0.206 to 1.104; p = 0.004) compared to children with levels <1 ng/ml, after controlling for multiple confounders, including sex, race, BMI and income-to-needs ratio. Further, we show that children whose cotinine levels were >1 μg/L were more likely to have detectable levels of Pb in their saliva (b = 1.40, 95% CI: 0.424 to 2.459; p = 0.006) compared to children with cotinine levels <1 ng/ml, also considering confounders. IMPACT STATEMENT: This is the first study to demonstrate significant associations between salivary cotinine and salivary levels of Cu, Zn and Pb, suggesting that environmental tobacco smoke exposure my be one source of increased children's exposure to heavy metals. This study also demonstrates that saliva samples can be used to measure heavy metal exposure, and thus serve as a non-invasive tool for assessing a broader range of risk indicators.
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Registered trials
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