Nanomedicine-based combination therapies for overcoming temozolomide resistance in glioblastomas.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumor. Although current treatment strategies, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, have achieved clinical effects and prolonged the survival of patients, the gradual development of resistance against current therapies has led to a high recurrence rate and treatment failure. Mechanisms underlying the development of resistance involve multiple factors, including drug efflux, DNA damage repair, glioma stem cells, and a hypoxic tumor environment, which are usually correlative and promote each other. As many potential therapeutic targets have been discovered, combination therapy that regulates multiple resistance-related molecule pathways is considered an attractive strategy. In recent years, nanomedicine has revolutionized cancer therapies with optimized accumulation, penetration, internalization, and controlled release. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration efficiency is also significantly improved through modifying ligands on nanomedicine and interacting with the receptors or transporters on the BBB. Moreover, different drugs for combination therapy usually process different pharmacokinetics and biodistribution, which can be further optimized with drug delivery systems to maximize the therapeutic efficiency of combination therapies. Herein the current achievements in nanomedicine-based combination therapy for GBM are discussed. This review aimed to provide a broader understanding of resistance mechanisms and nanomedicine-based combination therapies for future research on GBM treatment.