ArticlePloS one2023
High levels of indoor fine particulate matter during the cold season in Almaty prompt urgent public health action.
Article in PloS one, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Occupational exposure to vapor, gas, dust and fume using job-exposure matrix in a population-based, nationwide study in Kazakhstan.Journal of occupational medicine and toxicology (London, England) · 2026Article
- Occupational associations of preserved ratio impaired spirometry (PRISm) in a population-based study.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Prevalence and Risk Factors of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Kazakhstan in a Nationwide Population-Based Epidemiological Study.International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease · 2026Article
- Exposure to ambient particulate matter and semen quality: the modifying role of socioeconomic status and lifestyle factors in chinese men.BMC public health · 2025Article
- The burden and risk factors of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Asia and its countries from 1990 to 2021: a systematic analysis based on the 2021 global burden of disease study.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Ghana and globally from 1990 to 2021, with projections through 2050: a systematic analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
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Abstract
introductionAlmaty is the largest city of Kazakhstan with extreme air pollution, mostly in the cold season, but little is known whether staying indoors could lessen the exposure. The aim was to quantitatively characterize indoor fine PM levels and to verify the contribution of ambient pollution to it in a polluted city like Almaty.
methodsWe collected forty-six 24-hour 15-min average samples of the ambient air and a similar number of paired indoor samples (total 92 samples). Predictors of both ambient and indoor PM2.5 mass concentrations in mg/m3, including ambient concentration, precipitation, minimal daily temperature and humidity, along with the indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratio were tested in the adjusted regression models at eight 15-min lags.
resultsAmbient air PM2.5 15-min average mass concentrations were highly variable and ranged from 0.001 to 0.694 mg/m3 (geometric mean (GM) 0.090, geometric standard deviation (GSD) 2.285). Snowing was the strongest predictor of lower ambient PM2.5 24-hour mass concentrations (median 0.053 vs 0.135 mg/m3 (p<0.001)). Indoor mean 15-min PM2.5 concentrations ranged from 0.002 to 0.228 mg/m3 (GM 0.034, GSD 2.254). In adjusted models, outdoor PM2.5 concentration explained 0.58 of all variability of the indoor concentration with a 75-min delay (R2 0.67 at lag8 on snowing days). Median I/O ranged from 0.386 (IQR 0.264 to 0.532) at lag0 to 0.442 (IQR 0.339 to 0.584) at lag8.
conclusionDuring the cold season when fossil fuel is burnt for heating, the population in Almaty is exposed to very high fine PM levels even indoors. Urgent public health action is needed.
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