ArticlePloS one2023
The intake of ultra-processed foods, all-cause, cancer and cardiovascular mortality in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study-Health Examinees (KoGES-HEXA) cohort.
Article in PloS one, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Ultra-processed foods and risk of all-cause mortality: an updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.Systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Habitual Ultra-processed Food Intake Is Associated with Gut Dysbiosis and Pro-inflammatory Metabolite Profiles in Korean Patients with IBD.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2026Article
- Review
- Adherence to the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension score and cardiovascular disease risk in Korean adults: a prospective cohort study using marginal structural models.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Article
- Review
- Consumption of ultra-processed foods and risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality: the Singapore Chinese health study.Nutrition journal · 2025Article
- Potential misclassification of ultra-processed foods across studies and the need for a unified classification system: a scoping review.Nutrition research and practice · 2025Review
- Ultra-processed foods and cardiovascular disease: analysis of three large US prospective cohorts and a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2024Article
- Ultra-Processed Foods: A Narrative Review of the Impact on the Human Gut Microbiome and Variations in Classification Methods.Nutrients · 2024Review
- Ultra-processed foods and incident cardiovascular disease and hypertension in middle-aged women.European journal of nutrition · 2024Article
- Ultra-processed food consumption and risk of cardiovascular events: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.EClinicalMedicine · 2024Article
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2 authors.
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Abstract
The relationship between ultra-processed food (UPF) intake and mortality is unknown in Asian countries, yet the intake of UPF is on the rise in these countries. This study examined the association of UPF intake with all-cause, cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. Participants were 113,576 adults who responded to a 106-item food frequency questionnaire during recruitment of the 2004-2013 Health Examinees (HEXA) study, a prospective cohort study in Korea. UPF were defined using the NOVA classification and evaluated as quartiles of the proportion of UPF in the diet (% total food weight). Multivariable Cox regression and restricted cubic spline models were used to examine the association of UPF intake with all-cause and cause specific mortality. A total of 3456 deaths were recorded during a median follow-up of 10.6 (interquartile range, 9.5-11.9) years. There was no evidence of an association of UPF intake with all-cause, cancer or CVD mortality comparing the highest with the lowest quartiles of UPF intake (all-cause mortality, men: hazard ratio [HR] 1.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.95-1.22; women: HR 0.95, 95% CI 0.81-1.11; cancer mortality, men: HR 1.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.84-1.22; women: HR 1.02, 95% CI 0.83-1.26; CVD mortality, men: HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.64-1.22; women: HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.53-1.19). However, the risk of all-cause mortality increased in both men and women with high consumption of ultra-processed red meat and fish (men, HR 1.26, 95% CI 1.11-1.43); women, HR 1.22 95% CI 1.05-1.43); and in men with high consumption of ultra-processed milk (HR 1.13, 95% CI 1.01-1.26); and soymilk drink (HR 1.12, 95% CI 1.00-1.25). We found no evidence of an association between total UPF intake and all-cause, cancer or CVD mortality, but ultra-processed red meat and fish in both sexes, and milk and soymilk drinks in men were positively associated with all-cause mortality.
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