ArticleMethods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)2023
Purification of Bacterial-Enriched Extracellular Vesicle Samples from Feces by Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation.
Article in Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Small extracellular vesicles in osteoarthritis: A double‑edged sword regulating inflammation and cartilage homeostasis (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles as Regulators of the Gut Microbiome-Circadian Axis in Inflammatory and Metabolic Diseases.Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2026Review
- Article
- Helicobacter pylori-derived outer membrane vesicles: Pathogenic roles, microbiota interactions, and biomedical applications.Journal of advanced research · 2026Review
- Maternal factors associate with microbiota-derived extracellular vesicle profiles in pregnancy: a clinical cohort study.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Gut Microbiota-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Patients With Obesity Undergoing Gastric Bypass Surgery.Molecular microbiology · 2026Article
- Nanomaterials-enabled point-of-care diagnostics for pathogens.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Harnessing Microbiome, Bacterial Extracellular Vesicle, and Artificial Intelligence for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Diagnosis and Management.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Gut microbiota-derived extracellular vesicles form a distinct entity from gut microbiota.mSystems · 2025Article
- [Isolation and proteomic analysis of bacterial outer membrane vesicle subpopulations].Se pu = Chinese journal of chromatography · 2025Article
- Gut microbiome-derived bacterial extracellular vesicles in patients with solid tumours.Journal of advanced research · 2025Article
- Opportunities and challenges of bacterial extracellular vesicles in regenerative medicine.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Review
- Advances in extracellular vesicle (EV) biomarkers for precision diagnosis and therapeutic in colorectal cancer.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Review
- Enrichment of sweat-derived extracellular vesicles of human and bacterial origin for biomarker identification.Nanotheranostics · 2024Article
- Emerging Microfluidic Tools for Simultaneous Exosomes and Cargo Biosensing in Liquid Biopsy: New Integrated Miniaturized FFF-Assisted Approach for Colon Cancer Diagnosis.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Maternal microbiota communicates with the fetus through microbiota-derived extracellular vesicles.Microbiome · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Commensal microbiota has huge impact on the maintenance of human health, its dysregulation being associated with the development of a plethora of diseases. Release of bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) is a fundamental mechanism of systemic microbiome influence on the host organism. Nevertheless, due to the technical challenges of isolation methods, BEV composition and functions remain poorly characterized. Hereby, we describe the up-to-date protocol for isolation of BEV-enriched samples from human feces. Fecal extracellular vesicles (EVs) are purified through the orthogonal implementation of filtration, size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), and density gradient ultracentrifugation. EVs are first separated from bacteria, flagella, and cell debris by size. In the next steps, BEVs are separated from host-derived EVs by density. The quality of vesicle preparation is estimated via immuno-TEM (transmission electron microscopy) for the presence of vesicle-like structures expressing EV markers and via NTA (nanoparticle tracking analysis) for assaying particle concentration and size. Distribution of EVs of human origin in gradient fractions is estimated using antibodies against human exosomal markers with Western blot and ExoView R100 imaging platform. The enrichment for BEVs in vesicle preparation is estimated by Western blot for the presence of bacterial OMVs (outer membrane vesicles) marker and OmpA (outer membrane protein A). Taken together, our study describes a detailed protocol for EV preparation with enrichment for BEVs from feces with a purity level suitable for bioactivity functional assays.
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