ArticlePsychological medicine2023
Association between cannabis use disorder and schizophrenia stronger in young males than in females.
Article in Psychological medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 73 citations in OpenAlex.
- Does Cannabis Use Contribute to Schizophrenia? A Causation Analysis Based on Epidemiological Evidence.Biomolecules · 2025Pooled it
- Systematic review of risk factors for violence in psychosis: 10-year update.The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science · 2025Pooled it
- Emerging adult perceptions of higher-risk cannabis consumption behaviours.Harm reduction journal · 2023Trial
- Polysubstance use disorders among US adults.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Emergency department use by individuals with and without psychosis after state-level cannabis legalization and commercialization.Nature. Mental health · 2026Article
- Beyond cannabis use severity: associations of cannabis product type with sleep quality and mental health.Psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Adverse Effects of Non-Medical Use of Cannabis or Opioids Associated with Adverse Childhood Experiences.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Age-Related Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids on Brain and Behavior.Cannabis and cannabinoid research · 2026Review
- Association of Cannabis Use Disorder Versus Other Substance Use Disorders With Psychiatric Conditions: A Propensity-Matched Retrospective Cohort Analysis.The American journal of psychiatry · 2026Article
- Cannabis and tobacco co-use predicts psychosis in clinical high risk cohorts.Nature. Mental health · 2026Article
- Global, regional, and national burden of schizophrenia: epidemiological trends, decomposition, joinpoint analysis, and projections to 2036 based on GBD 2021.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Centering Individuals With Mental Illness as an At-Risk Group in the Era of Cannabis Legalization and Commercialization.Clinical therapeutics · 2026Article
- Independent brain cortical signatures of risk for adolescent cannabis use and consequences of such use are moderated by sex.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Investigating the polygenic relationship between heavy cannabis use and schizophrenia in the All of Us Research Program.Psychological medicine · 2025Article
- A comprehensive review on schizophrenia: epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, conventional treatments, and proposed natural compounds used for management.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Review
- Cannabinoids: Medicine or PoisonBalkan medical journal · 2025Article
- Cannabis and Tobacco Co-Use Predicts Psychosis in Clinical High Risk Cohorts.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Sex-Specific Polygenic Risk Scores and Replication in a Model-Free Analysis of Schizophrenia Data.Genes · 2025Article
- Real-World Prescribing Patterns of Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics in Australian Psychiatric Inpatients: Trends, Clinical Outcomes, and Substance Use Prevalence.Drugs - real world outcomes · 2025Article
- The annual trend of suicide rates from 2010 to 2021 in patients with cannabis use disorder - a national registry study.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPrevious research suggests an increase in schizophrenia population attributable risk fraction (PARF) for cannabis use disorder (CUD). However, sex and age variations in CUD and schizophrenia suggest the importance of examining differences in PARFs in sex and age subgroups.
methodsWe conducted a nationwide Danish register-based cohort study including all individuals aged 16-49 at some point during 1972-2021. CUD and schizophrenia status was obtained from the registers. Hazard ratios (HR), incidence risk ratios (IRR), and PARFs were estimated. Joinpoint analyses were applied to sex-specific PARFs.
resultsWe examined 6 907 859 individuals with 45 327 cases of incident schizophrenia during follow-up across 129 521 260 person-years. The overall adjusted HR (aHR) for CUD on schizophrenia was slightly higher among males (aHR = 2.42, 95% CI 2.33-2.52) than females (aHR = 2.02, 95% CI 1.89-2.17); however, among 16-20-year-olds, the adjusted IRR (aIRR) for males was more than twice that for females (males: aIRR = 3.84, 95% CI 3.43-4.29; females: aIRR = 1.81, 95% CI 1.53-2.15). During 1972-2021, the annual average percentage change in PARFs for CUD in schizophrenia incidence was 4.8 among males (95% CI 4.3-5.3;
conclusionsYoung males might be particularly susceptible to the effects of cannabis on schizophrenia. At a population level, assuming causality, one-fifth of cases of schizophrenia among young males might be prevented by averting CUD. Results highlight the importance of early detection and treatment of CUD and policy decisions regarding cannabis use and access, particularly for 16-25-year-olds.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.