ReviewCancer medicine2023
A case series and literature review on 98 pediatric patients of germ cell tumor developing growing teratoma syndrome.
Review in Cancer medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for growing teratoma syndrome in testicular cancer: a systematic review of surgical outcomes.World journal of urology · 2026Pooled it
- Challenges in Managing Primary Retroperitoneal Germ Cell Tumors in Children: The Role of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy.Annals of surgical oncology · 2026Article
- Pediatric malignant testicular germ cell tumors: a developmental and comparative perspective.Diagnostic pathology · 2026Review
- Case Report: Intracranial growing teratoma syndrome in two children with suprasellar mixed germ cell tumors: implications for the timing of surgery.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Article
- Clinical insights from the management of a giant immature teratoma in an infant-a case report.AME case reports · 2025Article
- Successful Multimodal Treatment of Intracranial Growing Teratoma Syndrome with Malignant Features.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2024Article
- A case series and literature review on 98 pediatric patients of germ cell tumor developing growing teratoma syndrome.Cancer medicine · 2023Review
- Growing Teratoma Syndrome Arising from a Pineal Mixed Germ Cell Tumor in a 12-Year-Old Boy.Case reports in oncologyArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionMalignant germ cell tumors (MGCTs) can develop either extracranially or intracranially. Growing teratoma syndrome (GTS) may develop in these patients following chemotherapy. Reports on the clinical characteristics and outcomes of GTS in children with MGCTs are limited.
methodsWe retrospectively collected the data, including the clinical characteristics and outcomes of five patients in our series and 93 pediatric patients selected through a literature review of MGCTs. This study aimed to analyze survival outcomes and risk factors for subsequent events in pediatric patients with MGCTs developing GTS.
resultsThe sex ratio was 1.09 (male/female). In total, 52 patients (53.1%) had intracranial MGCTs. Compared with patients with extracranial GCTs, those with intracranial GCTs were younger, predominantly boys, had shorter intervals between MGCT and GTS, and had GTS mostly occurring over the initial site (all p < 0.001). Ninety-five patients (96.9%) were alive. However, GTS recurrence (n = 14), GTS progression (n = 9), and MGCT recurrence (n = 19) caused a substantial decrease in event-free survival (EFS). Multivariate analyses showed that the only significant risk factors for these events were incomplete GTS resection and different locations of GCT and GTS. Patients without any risk had a 5-year EFS of 78.8% ± 7.8%, whereas those with either risk had 41.7% ± 10.2% (p < 0.001).
conclusionFor patients with high-risk features, every effort should be made to closely monitor, completely remove, and pathologically prove any newly developed mass to guide relevant treatment. Further studies incorporating the risk factors into treatment strategies may be required to optimize adjuvant therapy.
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