ReviewFrontiers in immunology2023
Biological therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid syndrome, and Sjögren's syndrome: evidence- and practice-based guidance.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Rituximab Therapy for Adult Refractory Systemic Lupus Erythematosus with Neurological and/or Psychiatric Presentations: A PRISMACompliant Meta-Analysis.Current rheumatology reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of rituximab in the treatment of primary Sjögren's syndrome.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Effectiveness and safety of B cell-targeting biologics in the treatment of lupus nephritis: a systematic review and network meta‑analysis.Renal failure · 2024Pooled it
- Comparative efficacy and safety of different recommended doses of telitacicept in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Pooled it
- [Current treatment, foreseeable newcomer and new treatment approaches for Sjögren's disease].Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie · 2026Review
- Beyond Dryness: Mapping the Psychological and Cognitive Burden in Sjögren's Disease-A Narrative Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Changes in Salivary Biomarkers and Oral Immune Parameters in Patients with Psoriasis: A Systematic Review.Dentistry journal · 2026Review
- Advanced immunotherapy across diseases and the role of artificial intelligence: A review.Biomolecules & biomedicine · 2026Review
- A review of the impact of isolated antiphospholipid antibody positivity on pregnancy outcomes and clinical management strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The Th17/Treg axis: a key to understanding and treating autoimmune disorders.Open life sciences · 2026Article
- Comprehensive Profiling of Cytokines and Growth Factors: Pathogenic Roles and Clinical Applications in Autoimmune Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- 2025 Chinese guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus.Rheumatology and immunology research · 2025Article
- Antiphospholipid Syndrome-Diagnostic and Methodologic Approach.Metabolites · 2025Review
- Sjögren's Syndrome: Epidemiology, Classification Criteria, Molecular Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment.MedComm · 2025Review
- The Crosstalk Between NETs and the Complement Cascade: An Overview in Nephrological Autoimmune Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Review
- Alcohol Consumption and Autoimmune Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Secondary Renal Injury and Encephalopathy Syndrome Caused by Systemic Lupus Erythematosus With Overlapping Sjögren's Syndrome in Children: A Case Report.Case reports in medicine · 2025Article
- Treatment of xerostomia in Sjögren's syndrome - what effect does it have on the oral microbiome?Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- The Potential of Telitacicept in Treating Lupus erythematosus panniculitis: A Case Report.Biologics : targets & therapy · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
18 authors at 8 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), and Sjögren's syndrome (SS) are heterogeneous autoimmune diseases. Severe manifestations and refractory/intolerance to conventional immunosuppressants demand other options, namely biological drugs, and small molecules. We aimed to define evidence and practice-based guidance for the off-label use of biologics in SLE, APS, and SS. Recommendations were made by an independent expert panel, following a comprehensive literature review and two consensus rounds. The panel included 17 internal medicine experts with recognized practice in autoimmune disease management. The literature review was systematic from 2014 until 2019 and later updated by cross-reference checking and experts' input until 2021. Preliminary recommendations were drafted by working groups for each disease. A revision meeting with all experts anticipated the consensus meeting held in June 2021. All experts voted (agree, disagree, neither agree nor disagree) during two rounds, and recommendations with at least 75% agreement were approved. A total of 32 final recommendations (20 for SLE treatment, 5 for APS, and 7 for SS) were approved by the experts. These recommendations consider organ involvement, manifestations, severity, and response to previous treatments. In these three autoimmune diseases, most recommendations refer to rituximab, which aligns with the higher number of studies and clinical experience with this biological agent. Belimumab sequential treatment after rituximab may also be used in severe cases of SLE and SS. Second-line therapy with baricitinib, bortezomib, eculizumab, secukinumab, or tocilizumab can be considered in SLE-specific manifestations. These evidence and practice-based recommendations may support treatment decision and, ultimately, improve the outcome of patients living with SLE, APS, or SS.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.