ArticleJournal of pharmaceutical policy and practice2023
Treatment and disposal practices of pharmaceutical effluent containing potential antibiotic residues in two states in India and perceptions of various stakeholders on contribution of pharmaceutical effluent to antimicrobial resistance: a qualitative study.
Article in Journal of pharmaceutical policy and practice, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Review
- Evolution and rise of antimicrobial resistance in key public health bacteria within and across the One Health sectors.Future microbiology · 2026Review
- 'Mind the gaps': stakeholder perspectives on addressing antimicrobial resistance in the environment in the Indian context.Global health action · 2025Article
- A Database on Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance in Wastewater and Solid Waste from Pharmaceutical Industry Based on a Systematic Review.China CDC weekly · 2025Article
- Combating antimicrobial resistance in Africa: a strategic roadmap for surveillance, stewardship, and research.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- Pharmaceutical effluent evokes superbugs in the environment: A call to action.Biosafety and health · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a looming pandemic, demanding prompt actions to avert catastrophic consequences. Effluents from pharmaceutical industries containing antimicrobial residues could serve as one of the entry points of these drugs to the environment. This qualitative study explores the treatment and disposal practices of pharmaceutical effluent (PE) containing potential antibiotic residues (ARs) by interviewing major stakeholders. In addition, we assessed their knowledge and perception on contribution of PE to AMR.
methodsThe study was conducted in the two Indian states, Haryana and Telangana and at the federal level. Data was collected by semi-structured in-depth interviews of 29 participants from 17 stakeholders/organizations viz. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) of Telangana and Haryana, civic body, pharmaceutical manufacturers, pharmaceutical associations and civil society. Data was analyzed using thematic analysis.
resultsThe effluent treatment and disposal practices varied with the multinational companies (MNCs) having advanced technologies whereas the small and medium-scale pharmaceutical companies (SMPCs) having effluent treatment plants as per the regulations but often under-utilized. The presence of ARs in the PE was considered inconsequential by SPCBs and SMPCs and majority of stakeholders imputed other causes as major contributors to AMR. However, the MNCs were well aware of the contribution of PE to AMR and CPCB also considered ARs as direct source of AMR. The central regulators as well as MNCs expressed concerns regarding the current regulations lacking maximum ARs in the PE.
conclusionSetting up regulatory standards for maximum ARs in PE, their implementation and monitoring is an urgent need to curb environmental contribution of ARs to AMR. The findings of our study will help in systematic approach in policy making, awareness programs and capacity-building in dealing with the ARs in PE to combat AMR.
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Registered trials
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