ReviewInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2023
IMI-The Dynamic Choroid: New Insights, Challenges, and Potential Significance for Human Myopia.
Review in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06527274 (Effect of Defocus in Soft Contact Lenses on Internal Retinal Vascularization), which is not on this map. Cited by 125 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effect of Defocus in Soft Contact Lenses on Internal Retinal Vascularization
Who cites it
125 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 156 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy of repeated low-level red-light therapy for myopia management in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Pooled it
- Effects of repeated low-level red light therapy on myopia progression in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Effect of Duration of Spectacle Lenses With Highly Aspherical Lenslets Wear on Choroidal Thickness in Low-Hyperopic Chinese Children.Translational vision science & technology · 2026Trial
- Effect of daily disposable Defocus Incorporated Soft Contact lens on myopia control: a 1-year multicentre randomised controlled trial.The British journal of ophthalmology · 2026Trial
- Two-year changes of macular choroidal thickness in response to 0.01% atropine eye drops: Results from the myopia outcome study of atropine in children (MOSAIC) clinical trial.Acta ophthalmologica · 2025Trial
- Dose Dependent Effects of Atropine on Static and Dynamic Pupil and Accommodation Metrics in Young Adults.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Trial
- Short-Term Effect of Stimulating the Pterygopalatine Ganglion Via Electroacupuncture on Choroidal Structure in Human Subjects.Translational vision science & technology · 2024Trial
- Effect of virtual reality-based visual training for myopia control in children: a randomized controlled trial.BMC ophthalmology · 2024Trial
- Smartwatch Measures of Outdoor Exposure and Myopia in Children.JAMA network open · 2024Trial
- Age-continuous centile curves reveal upper-tail divergence of anisometropia in 389 056 schoolchildren: implications for risk stratification in myopia control.BMJ open ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Prevention of myopia in a near-primate by supplemental indigo light suggests a hypothesis for the myopia boom.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- Short-Term Axial Length Effects of Combining Paracentral Collimating Apertures with Near-Peripheral Myopic Defocus for Myopia Control.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Impact of Optical Coherence Tomography Scan Pattern and Chorio-Scleral Interface Delineation on Choroidal Vascularity Index Measurements.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Validation of a Multimodal Wearable Device for Assessing Environmental and Behavioral Risk Factors of Myopia in Children and Adolescents.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Acute Ocular Effects of Violet and Red Light Exposure in Young Adults.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Structure-function relationships of circumpapillary choroidal thickness in normal-tension glaucoma with and without high myopia.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Article
- Ocular Blood Flow in Eyes with Myopia and Glaucoma: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Implications.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Anatomical and Transcriptional Alterations in the Mouse Choroid Induced by All-Trans Retinoic Acid.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Ocular Component Growth From the Cornea to the Sclera in Non-Human Primate Emmetropization.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Longitudinal changes in retinal image quality in school-aged children.Biomedical optics express · 2026Article
65 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 6 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The choroid is the richly vascular layer of the eye located between the sclera and Bruch's membrane. Early studies in animals, as well as more recent studies in humans, have demonstrated that the choroid is a dynamic, multifunctional structure, with its thickness directly and indirectly subject to modulation by a variety of physiologic and visual stimuli. In this review, the anatomy and function of the choroid are summarized and links between the choroid, eye growth regulation, and myopia, as demonstrated in animal models, discussed. Methods for quantifying choroidal thickness in the human eye and associated challenges are described, the literature examining choroidal changes in response to various visual stimuli and refractive error-related differences are summarized, and the potential implications of the latter for myopia are considered. This review also allowed for the reexamination of the hypothesis that short-term changes in choroidal thickness induced by pharmacologic, optical, or environmental stimuli are predictive of future long-term changes in axial elongation, and the speculation that short-term choroidal thickening can be used as a biomarker of treatment efficacy for myopia control therapies, with the general conclusion that current evidence is not sufficient.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.