ReviewFrontiers in neuroscience2023
Maternal immune activation as an epidemiological risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders: Considerations of timing, severity, individual differences, and sex in human and rodent studies.
Review in Frontiers in neuroscience, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 64 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
64 citing papers in PubMed, 84 citations in OpenAlex.
- Associations between chronic placental inflammation, fetal brain development and later autism traits.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Psychological and anthropometric outcomes in preschool children exposed to antenatal maternal obesity: modelling of early life risk factors.BMJ mental health · 2026Article
- Maternal-fetal immune conflict contributes to male-specific impairments in a mouse model of neurodevelopmental disorders.Science advances · 2026Article
- Maternal immune activation disrupts epigenomic and functional maturation of cortical excitatory neurons.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Microglial maturation across human and mouse as a reference for interpreting large-animal models of perinatal brain injury.Pediatric research · 2026Review
- Disruption of Reelin signaling in a dual-hit mouse model of schizophrenia: impact of postnatal Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol exposure in a maternal immune activation model.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Exploring factors associated with autism spectrum disorder diagnosis among children in primary care clinics in Kelantan, Malaysia.BMC primary care · 2026Article
- Maternal sleep deprivation and developmental programming of brain aging trajectories in offspring.Biogerontology · 2026Review
- Utilizing maternal autoantibody patterns to predict risk of autism and intellectual disability in offspring.Research square · 2026Article
- Maternal Infection Impairs Motor Coordination in an Experimental Meningitis Rat Model Through Altered MMP-2/3/9 Activity, H3K4 Trimethylation, andInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Role of Mast Cells and Neuroinflammation in Neuropsychiatric Disorders of the Developmental Period.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Implications for the Prevention of Poverty-Related Environmental Risks for Childhood ADHD: A Narrative Review.Child psychiatry and human development · 2026Review
- Correction: Implications for the Prevention of Poverty-Related Environmental Risks for Childhood ADHD: A Narrative Review.Child psychiatry and human development · 2026Article
- Individual and Combined Associations of Maternal Fever, Placental Inflammation, and Prematurity With Autism and ADHD.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Spatial transcriptomics of the developing mouse brain immune landscape reveals effects of maternal immune activation and microbiome depletion.Nature neuroscience · 2026Article
- Prenatal Interferon-Alpha Exposure Induces Autism-Like Neurobehavioral and Neurochemical Alterations in Male Offspring.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2026Article
- Neuroinflammatory mechanisms and pharmacological advances in autism spectrum disorder: from inflammatory pathways to targeted interventions.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Developmental modulation of schizophrenia risk gene methylation in offspring exhibiting cognitive deficits following maternal immune activation.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Effects of maternal autoantibody exposure at the cellular level: implications for the developing brain.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Review
- The role of maternal gut microbiota in prenatal depression and offspring neurodevelopment.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence suggests that one's risk of being diagnosed with a neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD)-such as autism, ADHD, or schizophrenia-increases significantly if their mother had a viral or bacterial infection during the first or second trimester of pregnancy. Despite this well-known data, little is known about how developing neural systems are perturbed by events such as early-life immune activation. One theory is that the maternal immune response disrupts neural processes important for typical fetal and postnatal development, which can subsequently result in specific and overlapping behavioral phenotypes in offspring, characteristic of NDDs. As such, rodent models of maternal immune activation (MIA) have been useful in elucidating neural mechanisms that may become dysregulated by MIA. This review will start with an up-to-date and in-depth, critical summary of epidemiological data in humans, examining the association between different types of MIA and NDD outcomes in offspring. Thereafter, we will summarize common rodent models of MIA and discuss their relevance to the human epidemiological data. Finally, we will highlight other factors that may interact with or impact MIA and its associated risk for NDDs, and emphasize the importance for researchers to consider these when designing future human and rodent studies. These points to consider include: the sex of the offspring, the developmental timing of the immune challenge, and other factors that may contribute to individual variability in neural and behavioral responses to MIA, such as genetics, parental age, the gut microbiome, prenatal stress, and placental buffering.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.