ArticleFrontiers in immunology2023
Potential biological contributers to the sex difference in multiple sclerosis progression.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- Gender disparities in cognitive impairment across neurological autoimmune disorders: a systematic review.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Sex, Gender, and the Search for Analytic Truth.Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI · 2026Article
- Emodin Suppresses the RAGE/ROCK1 Pathway to Modulate the Oligodendrocyte Lineage and Ameliorate Demyelination in Vascular Dementia Rats.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Article
- Integrative multicohort analysis reveals consistent sex differences in gut microbiota of multiple sclerosis patients.mSystems · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in the Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis: Symptômes neuropsychiatriques de la sclérose en plaques: différences selon le sexe.Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie · 2026Article
- Phenotyping healthcare use before pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis, including by sex and age: A matched cohort study.Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) · 2026Article
- Single cell landscape of sex differences in the different courses of multiple sclerosis.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Synergy of Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields (ELFEFs) and Sex Hormones Against Oxidative Stress in Multiple Sclerosis.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Myelin Repair as a Neuroprotective Strategy for Multiple Sclerosis: From Bench to Bedside.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- Multikingdom microbiome-based machine learning enables multiple sclerosis diagnosis.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2026Article
- Sex-Related Differences in Circular RNA Expression in Multiple Sclerosis: A Pilot Study.Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN · 2026Article
- Why Is MS a More Frequent Complication of EBV Infection in Females?Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Demyelinating disorders in women: epidemiology, immunology, and clinical implications across MS, NMOSD, and MOGAD.Journal of neurology · 2026Review
- Repetitive trans-spinal magnetic stimulation promotes repair in inflammatory spinal cord injury through sex-dependent immune modulation.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Spared Nerve Injury Induces Long-Term and Brain Region-Specific Changes in Oligodendrocyte Density in Mice.European journal of pain (London, England) · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in Metabolite-Immune Circuits of Neuroinflammation.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Sex Bias in IL-10 Production by Type I Regulatory T Cells Regulated by PI3K/mTOR Signaling.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Sex differences in immune modulation: implications for infection, inflammation, and nutritional supplementation.Biology of sex differences · 2026Review
- Effect of late-onset on multiple sclerosis phenotype and outcome: evidence from a multi-national registry.Journal of neurology · 2026Observational
- Comparative effectiveness of anti-CD20 therapies and S1P receptor modulators in late-onset multiple sclerosis: real-world evidence from the MSBase registry.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease that targets the myelin sheath of central nervous system (CNS) neurons leading to axon injury, neuronal death, and neurological progression. Though women are more highly susceptible to developing MS, men that develop this disease exhibit greater cognitive impairment and accumulate disability more rapidly than women. Magnetic resonance imaging and pathology studies have revealed that the greater neurological progression seen in males correlates with chronic immune activation and increased iron accumulation at the rims of chronic white matter lesions as well as more intensive whole brain and grey matter atrophy and axon loss. Studies in humans and in animal models of MS suggest that male aged microglia do not have a higher propensity for inflammation, but may become more re-active at the rim of white matter lesions as a result of the presence of pro-inflammatory T cells, greater astrocyte activation or iron release from oligodendrocytes in the males. There is also evidence that remyelination is more efficient in aged female than aged male rodents and that male neurons are more susceptible to oxidative and nitrosative stress. Both sex chromosome complement and sex hormones contribute to these sex differences in biology.
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Registered trials
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