ArticleBMC psychiatry2023
Measurement invariance of the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 across males and females seeking treatment for common mental health disorders.
Article in BMC psychiatry, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06548022 (Rare Group Problem Management Plus), which is not on this map. Cited by 11 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Rare Group Problem Management Plus
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Evaluating gender differences in depression screening: diagnostic accuracy and measurement invariance of the DESY-PC questionnaire in primary care.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD-7) in Ukrainian sample during wartime.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2026Article
- Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of PROMIS-29 in patients receiving kidney replacement therapy.Zhong nan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Central South University. Medical sciences · 2026Article
- Compulsive Sexual Behaviors, Pornography Consumption, and Co-Occurring Disorders Among College Students.Archives of sexual behavior · 2026Article
- Psychometric evaluation of the patient health questionnaire-9 in helping professionals: factor structure, gender invariance, and construct validity.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Shared environment, shared mechanisms: comparing pathways to mental health outcomes among indigenous youth and youth with other ethnic backgrounds.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Inflammatory profiles of transdiagnostic symptom dimensions in healthy females.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2025Article
- Assessing evidence of measurement invariance of the Mental Health Inventory (MHI-5) by gender in a German adult sample.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Anxiety and depression in healthcare workers 2 years after COVID-19 infection and scale validation.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Estudio De La Vida Bajo Estres: Methodological Overview and Baseline Data Analysis of a Case-Control Investigation of Risk and Resiliency Factors for Traumatic Stress in Colombia.Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment · 2025Article
- Variation in symptoms of common mental disorders in the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: longitudinal cohort study.BJPsych open · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and the seven-item Generalised Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) scales are routinely used in research and clinical practice. Whilst measurement invariance of these measures across gender has been demonstrated individually in general population studies and clinical samples, less is known about invariance of the distinct but correlated latent factors ('depression' and 'anxiety'). The current study assessed measurement invariance of these constructs across males and females seeking treatment for common mental health disorders.
methodsData were provided from eight psychological treatment services in London, England. Data from initial assessments with the services where individual items on the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 were available were included in analyses. Measurement invariance was explored across self-identified genders, with 'male' and 'female' categories available in the dataset. Sensitivity analyses were conducted using propensity score matching on sociodemographic and clinical variables.
resultsData were available for 165,872 patients (110,833 females, 55,039 males). There was evidence of measurement invariance between males and females in both the full sample and a propensity score matched sample (n = 46,249 in each group).
conclusionsMeasurement invariance of the correlated depression and anxiety factors of PHQ-9 and GAD-7 were indicated in this sample of individuals seeking psychological treatment for CMHDs. These results support the use of these measures in routine clinical practice for both males and females. This is of particular importance for assessing the prevalence of clinically significant levels of symptoms as well as comparing treatment outcomes across genders.
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