Trial reportSchizophrenia bulletin2023
The Direct and Long-Term Effects of Raloxifene as Adjunctive Treatment for Schizophrenia-Spectrum Disorders: A Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial.
Trial report in Schizophrenia bulletin, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and safety of anti-inflammatory drug-assisted treatment of symptoms in patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis.BMC psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Raloxifene as an Adjuvant Therapy for Patients With Schizophrenia: An Up-To-Date Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Brain and behavior · 2025Pooled it
- Sex differences in schizophrenia: symptomatology, treatment efficacy and adverse effects.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Research progress in estrogen as an adjunctive therapy for schizophrenia.Zhong nan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Central South University. Medical sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Sex-stratified associations between depressive symptoms and cognitive impairment in treatment-resistant vs. non-resistant schizophrenia.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Article
- The influence of sex on cognition in psychosis.Schizophrenia research. Cognition · 2026Article
- Olanzapine Dosing in Women with First-Episode Psychosis: An Age-Based Proxy for Menopausal Status.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Article
- Pharmacological and Mechanistic Interventions for Cognitive Impairment Associated With Schizophrenia: A Review of Registered Clinical Trials.Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica · 2026Review
- Estren prevents beta-amyloid-induced basal forebrain cholinergic loss and long-term spatial memory deficits in aged female mice.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- From physiology to psychology: An integrative review of menopausal syndrome.World journal of psychiatry · 2025Review
- Single-Cell Transcriptional Profiling Reveals Cell Type-Specific Sex-Dependent Molecular Patterns of Schizophrenia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Sex-informed estrogen receptor modulation in schizophrenia: a male-focused ERβ/GPER1 framework for cognitive and negative symptoms.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Antipsychotic-induced prolactin elevation in premenopausal women with schizophrenia: associations with estrogen, disease severity and cognition.Archives of women's mental health · 2024Article
- Pharmacological Treatments of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia-An Update.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Gender differences in clinical and biochemical parameters among patients hospitalized for schizophrenia: towards precision medicine.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2024Article
- Role of estrogen in sex differences in memory, emotion and neuropsychiatric disorders.Molecular biology reports · 2024Review
- Monitoring the Effectiveness of Treatment in Women with Schizophrenia: New Specialized Cooperative Approaches.Brain sciences · 2023Review
- Effects of estrogen and raloxifene on synaptic density in the hippocampal CA1 region of ovariectomized rats.Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2023Article
- Overview of Psychiatric Medications in the Pipeline in Phase III Trials as of June 1, 2024: A Systematic Review.Innovations in clinical neuroscienceReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
background and hypothesisSeveral studies suggest that raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, improves symptoms and cognition in post-menopausal women with Schizophrenia-Spectrum Disorders (SSD). We aimed to assess the effects of adjunctive raloxifene in women and men with SSD. STUDY
designThis parallel, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial included adult SSD patients across the Netherlands and Belgium. Participants were stratified by age, sex, and global functioning and randomly assigned 1:1 to 12-week add-on raloxifene or placebo. Primary outcomes were symptom severity at 6, 12, and 38 weeks and cognition at 12 and 38 weeks, as measured with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia, respectively. Intention-to-treat analyses were performed using linear mixed-effect models. STUDY
resultsWe assessed 261 patients for eligibility, of which 102 (28% female) were assigned to raloxifene (n = 52) or placebo (n = 48). Although we found no main effect of raloxifene, secondary sex-specific analysis showed that in women, raloxifene had beneficial effects on negative symptoms at week 6 (LSM -2.92; adjusted P = 0.020) and week 12 (LSM -3.12; adjusted P = 0.030), and on working memory at week 38 (LSM 0.73; adjusted P = 0.040), while having negative effects on working memory at week 38 in men (LSM -0.53; adjusted P = 0.026). The number of adverse events was similar between groups.
conclusionsOur results do not support the use of raloxifene in patients with SSD in general, but suggest female-specific beneficial effects of raloxifene on negative symptoms and working memory. Our findings encourage further research on sex-specific pharmacotherapeutic treatment.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.