SynthesisViruses2023
SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection and Severity of the Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Synthesis in Viruses, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 102 citations in OpenAlex.
- Incidence, severity, risk factors and outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 reinfections during the Omicron period: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of global health · 2025Pooled it
- The impact of SARS-CoV-2 VOCs on clinical outcomes: an overview of reviews.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- How does the SARS-CoV-2 reinfection rate change over time? The global evidence from systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Pooled it
- Trial
- COVID-19 Is Airborne AIDS: Provocative Oversimplification, Emerging Science, or Something in Between?AJPM focus · 2026Review
- Anti-spike IgG Avidity Enhances Neutralization of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: A Prospective Study of Primary Infections and Immunizations.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Comparative progress on the mechanisms of airway mucosal injury induced by different pathogens: SARS-CoV-2, influenza A virus, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics associated with SARS-CoV-2 reinfection: An observational study.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Longitudinal study on SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses in companion animals, Chile.The veterinary quarterly · 2025Article
- The Effect of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection on Long-Term Symptoms in the Innovative Support for Patients With SARS-CoV-2 Infections Registry (INSPIRE).Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Article
- Physical, cognitive, and mental health impacts of Omicron reinfection in patients with original SARS-CoV-2 infection: a community-based observational study.BMC medicine · 2025Observational
- Effects of a 6-week semi-supervised exercise training program on physical fitness and mental health in post-COVID-19 healthcare workers: a randomized clinical trial.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2025Article
- Advances in Understanding Long COVID: Pathophysiological Mechanisms and the Role of Omics Technologies in Biomarker Identification.Molecular diagnosis & therapy · 2025Review
- Article
- Identification of Clinical and Genomic Features Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Reinfections.Viruses · 2025Article
- Characteristics and risk factors associated with COVID-19 reinfection in Hong Kong: a retrospective cohort study.Epidemiology and infection · 2025Article
- Clinical characteristics, SARS-CoV-2 variants, and outcomes of adults hospitalized due to COVID-19 in Latin American countries.Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2025Observational
- Article
- Quantitatively analyzing the relationship between non-pharmaceutical interventions and the direction of virus evolution using a dynamic model.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection among blood donors from two Brazilian states in the post-vaccination period: a prospective cohort study.Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Since the discovery of SARS-CoV-2, changes in genotype and reinfection with different variants have been observed in COVID-19-recovered patients, raising questions around the clinical pattern and severity of primary infection and reinfection. In this systematic review, we summarize the results of 23 studies addressing SARS-CoV-2 reinfections. A total of 23,231 reinfected patients were included, with pooled estimated reinfection rates ranging from 0.1 to 6.8%. Reinfections were more prevalent during the Omicron variant period. The mean age of reinfected patients was 38.0 ± 6. years and females were predominant among reinfected patients (M/F = 0.8). The most common symptoms during the first and second infection were fever (41.1%), cough (35.7% and 44.6%), myalgia (34.5% and 33.3%), fatigue (23.8% and 25.6%), and headaches (24.4% and 21.4%). No significant differences of clinical pattern were observed between primary infection and reinfection. No significant differences in the severity of infection were observed between primary infection and reinfection. Being female, being a patient with comorbidities, lacking anti-nucleocapsid IgG after the first infection, being infected during the Delta and Omicron wave, and being unvaccinated were associated with a higher risk of reinfection. Conflicting age-related findings were found in two studies. Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 suggests that natural immunity is not long-lasting in COVID-19 patients.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.