ReviewViruses2023
Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Implications on Immune Escape, Vaccination, Therapeutic and Diagnostic Strategies.
Review in Viruses, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 64 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
64 citing papers in PubMed, 105 citations in OpenAlex.
- Serology survey against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants of residents in Tainan, Taiwan.Virulence · 2026Article
- The Combination of Nirmatrelvir and Ivermectin Exerts Strongly Synergistic Antiviral and Anti-Inflammatory Effects Against Murine Coronavirus Infection of Macrophages.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Article
- Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Structural and Accessory Proteins: Emerging Opportunities for Small-Molecule Coronavirus Antivirals.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Non-Structural Proteins: A Blueprint for Next-Generation Small-Molecule Coronavirus Antivirals.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- AI-driven big data analysis and predictive modeling of infectious disease immunity: from correlates to causal, multiscale understanding.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Immune Evasion: Mapping the Future of Vaccine Design.Reviews in medical virology · 2026Review
- Peripheral White Blood Cell Dynamics as a Biomarker of Coronavirus Disease Severity.Annals of laboratory medicine · 2026Article
- Acute Respiratory Failure and Ventilatory Support in Hospitalized Adults With Viral Respiratory Infection: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- The Role of Immunosenescence and Inflammaging in the Susceptibility of Older Adults to SARS-CoV-2 Infection.Current pharmaceutical biotechnology · 2026Review
- Prolonged Evaluation of COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness in Healthcare Workers at a Public Tertiary Hospital: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical · 2026Article
- Article
- Artificial intelligence for coordinating vaccine design, antiviral discovery, and real-world monitoring in the era of emerging and endemic viral threats.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Article
- Article
- A pan-beta-coronavirus vaccine bearing conserved and asymptomatic B- and T-cell epitopes protects against highly pathogenic Delta and highly transmissible Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variants.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Multi-epitope vaccine design against human metapneumovirus via reverse vaccinology and molecular modelling.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Evolutionary Insight into Fatal Human Coronaviruses (hCoVs) with a Focus on Circulating SARS-CoV-2 Variants Under Monitoring (VUMs).Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Suppnonsense-mediated decay-linked mutations in SARS-CoV-2 and their association with COVID-19 disease severity.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Long-Term Durability and Variant-Specific Modulation of SARS-CoV-2 Humoral and Cellular Immunity over Two Years.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is associated with a lower fatality rate than its SARS and MERS counterparts. However, the rapid evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has given rise to multiple variants with varying pathogenicity and transmissibility, such as the Delta and Omicron variants. Individuals with advanced age or underlying comorbidities, including hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, are at a higher risk of increased disease severity. Hence, this has resulted in an urgent need for the development of better therapeutic and preventive approaches. This review describes the origin and evolution of human coronaviruses, particularly SARS-CoV-2 and its variants as well as sub-variants. Risk factors that contribute to disease severity and the implications of co-infections are also considered. In addition, various antiviral strategies against COVID-19, including novel and repurposed antiviral drugs targeting viral and host proteins, as well as immunotherapeutic strategies, are discussed. We critically evaluate strategies of current and emerging vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and their efficacy, including immune evasion by new variants and sub-variants. The impact of SARS-CoV-2 evolution on COVID-19 diagnostic testing is also examined. Collectively, global research and public health authorities, along with all sectors of society, need to better prepare against upcoming variants and future coronavirus outbreaks.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.