SynthesisViruses2023
COVID-19 and Respiratory Virus Co-Infections: A Systematic Review of the Literature.
Synthesis in Viruses, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07254052 (Effectiveness of a Sustained-release Ammonium Chloride Formulation in Reducing the Viral Load of Patients With COVID-19 or Influenza), which is not on this map. Cited by 55 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effectiveness of a Sustained-release Ammonium Chloride Formulation in Reducing the Viral Load of Patients With COVID-19 or Influenza
Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Mechanistic Models of Virus-Bacteria Co-Infections in Humans: A Systematic Review of Methods and Assumptions.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Pooled it
- Symptom-based diagnostic models for common respiratory viral infections: a machine learning and natural language processing study.Infectious Disease Modelling · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2, Influenza Virus, and Respiratory Syncytial Virus Coinfections Among Symptomatic Outpatients in Lorestan Province, Iran: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Combination mRNA Vaccine Adjuvanted with CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides Enhances Protection against Respiratory Virus Infection.ACS nano · 2026Article
- Review
- RAZOR: a database of PCR primers targeting human respiratory viruses.NAR genomics and bioinformatics · 2026Article
- The effect of non-pharmaceutical interventions on influenza throughout the COVID-19 pandemic: an 8-year interrupted time series study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in a Patient with Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma and Severe COVID-19: A Single Case of Suspected Immunosuppression Where Antibacterial Therapy Was Not Enough.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
- Sentinel surveillance of COVID-19 in 2024-2025 shows the persistence of Omicron circulation and the introduction of the XFJ recombinant in the Republic of Guinea.The Pan African medical journal · 2026Article
- Severe outcomes of individual or multiple respiratory viral infections in a large national healthcare system, 2022-2023.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Prevalence, clinical features, and seasonal patterns of SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and HRSV in patients with a history of kidney transplantation in Iran.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- hMPV co-infections: Distinct immunopathogenic mechanisms and clinical implications of viral and bacterial pathogenesis.Folia microbiologica · 2025Review
- Experimental Models to Investigate Viral and Cellular Dynamics in Respiratory Viral Co-Infections.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Proximity Ligation Assay: From a Foundational Principle to a Versatile Platform for Molecular and Translational Research.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Interactions between zoonotic pathogens and infectious disease spread: Why understanding mechanisms and modelling matters more than ever.Biosafety and health · 2025Review
- Simultaneous Detection and Differentiation of SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A/B, and Respiratory Syncytial Viruses in Respiratory Specimens Using the VitaSIRODiagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Molecular mechanisms of co-infections.EMBO reports · 2025Review
- Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Τhe COVID-19 pandemic highly impacted the circulation, seasonality, and morbidity burden of several respiratory viruses. We reviewed published cases of SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory virus co-infections as of 12 April 2022. SARS-CoV-2 and influenza co-infections were reported almost exclusively during the first pandemic wave. It is possible that the overall incidence of SARS-CoV-2 co-infections is higher because of the paucity of co-testing for respiratory viruses during the first pandemic waves when mild cases might have been missed. Animal models indicate severe lung pathology and high fatality; nevertheless, the available literature is largely inconclusive regarding the clinical course and prognosis of co-infected patients. Animal models also indicate the importance of considering the sequence timing of each respiratory virus infection; however, there is no such information in reported human cases. Given the differences between 2020 and 2023 in terms of epidemiology and availability of vaccines and specific treatment against COVID-19, it is rational not to extrapolate these early findings to present times. It is expected that the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory virus co-infections will evolve in the upcoming seasons. Multiplex real-time PCR-based assays have been developed in the past two years and should be used to increase diagnostic and infection control capacity, and also for surveillance purposes. Given that COVID-19 and influenza share the same high-risk groups, it is essential that the latter get vaccinated against both viruses. Further studies are needed to elucidate how SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory virus co-infections will be shaped in the upcoming years, in terms of impact and prognosis.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.