ReviewVaccines2023
Achieving the IA2030 Coverage and Equity Goals through a Renewed Focus on Urban Immunization.
Review in Vaccines, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- How the COVID-19 pandemic affected routine child vaccination: an integrative review.Einstein (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2025Pooled it
- Impact of Enhanced Outreach Activities on Immunization Coverage in Pakistan: Evidence from Secondary Data Analysis (2011-2021).Vaccines · 2026Article
- Understanding barriers to immunization among women with zero-dose or under-immunized children in an urban area in Cameroon.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Trends in DTP3 Vaccination in Asia (2012-2023).Vaccines · 2025Article
- Integrating routine immunization into COVID-19 vaccination improve coverage but could create equity issues: evidence from Niger State, Nigeria.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Article
- Incomplete basic vaccination and associated factors among children aged 12-23 months in resource-limited countries: a spatial and multilevel regression analysis of recent DHS data from 48 countries.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- From both sides of the needle: Understanding effective interventions for facilitating non-national immunization program vaccine decision making in China.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Article
- Article
- Private sector engagement for immunisation programmes: a pragmatic scoping review of 25 years of evidence on good practice in low-income and middle-income countries.BMJ global health · 2024Article
- Struggling to resume childhood vaccination during war in Myanmar: evaluation of a pilot program.International journal for equity in health · 2024Article
- Exploring factors influencing childhood immunization status in East Africa using multilevel ordinal logistic regression analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- A New Conceptual Framework for Enhancing Vaccine Efficacy in Malnourished Children.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2024Review
- Improving Equity in Urban Immunization in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Qualitative Document Review.Vaccines · 2023Review
- Measuring National Immunization System Performance: A Systematic Assessment of Available Resources.Global health, science and practice · 2023Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The 2021 WHO and UNICEF Estimates of National Immunization Coverage (WUENIC) reported approximately 25 million under-vaccinated children in 2021, out of which 18 million were zero-dose children who did not receive even the first dose of a diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-(DPT) containing vaccine. The number of zero-dose children increased by six million between 2019, the pre-pandemic year, and 2021. A total of 20 countries with the highest number of zero-dose children and home to over 75% of these children in 2021 were prioritized for this review. Several of these countries have substantial urbanization with accompanying challenges. This review paper summarizes routine immunization backsliding following the COVID-19 pandemic and predictors of coverage and identifies pro-equity strategies in urban and peri-urban settings through a systematic search of the published literature. Two databases, PubMed and Web of Science, were exhaustively searched using search terms and synonyms, resulting in 608 identified peer-reviewed papers. Based on the inclusion criteria, 15 papers were included in the final review. The inclusion criteria included papers published between March 2020 and January 2023 and references to urban settings and COVID-19 in the papers. Several studies clearly documented a backsliding of coverage in urban and peri-urban settings, with some predictors or challenges to optimum coverage as well as some pro-equity strategies deployed or recommended in these studies. This emphasizes the need to focus on context-specific routine immunization catch-up and recovery strategies to suit the peculiarities of urban areas to get countries back on track toward achieving the targets of the IA2030. While more evidence is needed around the impact of the pandemic in urban areas, utilizing tools and platforms created to support advancing the equity agenda is pivotal. We posit that a renewed focus on urban immunization is critical if we are to achieve the IA2030 targets.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.