ArticlePathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2023
TLR Responses in Preterm and Term Infant Cord Blood Mononuclear Cells.
Article in Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of Extreme Prematurity, Chorioamnionitis, and Sepsis on Neonatal Monocyte Characteristics and Functions.Journal of innate immunity · 2024Trial
- Review
- The Influence of Premature Birth on the Development of Pulmonary Diseases: Focus on the Microbiome.Metabolites · 2024Review
- Immune dynamics throughout life in relation to sex hormones and perspectives gained from gender-affirming hormone therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Interferons-Implications in the Immune Response to Respiratory Viruses.Microorganisms · 2023Review
- Elevated expression of Toll-like receptor 4 and cytokines in both serum and myometrium at term may serve as promising biomarkers for uterine activation preceding labor.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Preterm infants are more susceptible to severe bacterial and viral infectious diseases than their full-term counterparts. A major contributor to this increased susceptibility may be due to differences in their ability to respond to pathogens. While studies have demonstrated altered bacterial Toll-like receptor (TLR) responses, there is limited data on viral TLR responses in preterm infants. In this study, cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMCs) from 10 moderately preterm (30.4-34.1 wGA), 10 term (37-39.5 wGA) infants, and 5 adults were stimulated with TLR2 (lipoteichoic acid), TLR3 (poly I:C), TLR4 (lipopolysaccharide), TLR7/8 (R848), and TLR9 (CpG-ODN 2216) agonists. Following stimulation, the cellular response was measured by intracellular flow cytometry to detect cell-specific NF-κB (as a marker of the inflammatory response), and multiplex assays were used to measure the cytokine response. This study found that preterm and term infants exhibit very similar baseline TLR expression. In response to both bacterial and viral TLR agonists comparing cell-specific NF-κB activation, preterm infants exhibited increased monocyte activation following LTA stimulation; however, no other differences were observed. Similarly, no difference in cytokine response was observed following stimulation with TLRs. However, a stronger correlation between NF-κB activation and cytokine responses was observed in term infants following poly I:C and R848 stimulation compared to preterm infants. In contrast, despite similar TLR expression, adults produced higher levels of IFN-α following R848 stimulation compared to preterm and term infants. These findings suggest preterm and term infants have a similar capacity to respond to both bacterial and viral TLR agonists. As preterm infants are more likely to develop severe infections, further research is required to determine the immunological factors that may be driving this and develop better interventions for this highly vulnerable group.
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Registered trials
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