ArticleBioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)2023
Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality in Plastic and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery: A Scoping Review.
Article in Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Technological Integration in Aesthetic Practice: A Systematic Review of Artificial Intelligence, Augmented Reality and Robotics in Cosmetic Procedures.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2026Pooled it
- Application of three-dimensional printing in plastic surgery: a bibliometric analysis.Frontiers in surgery · 2024Pooled it
- Randomized crossover study of immersive planning in craniomaxillofacial trauma comparing virtual reality and workstation workflows.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- Comparison of Aesthetic Results of Mercedes-Y Versus Inverted-V Incision for Umbilical Reconstruction: A Randomized Clinical Trial.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2025Trial
- From Computer-Assisted Surgery to Extended Reality: Research Trends, Global Collaboration, and Future Directions in Craniomaxillofacial Surgery.Craniomaxillofacial trauma & reconstruction · 2026Review
- One-stage Surgery for Malignant Skull and Scalp Tumor: Navigation-guided Tumor Resection and Cranioplasty Using Custom-made Implants: Technical Note.Neurologia medico-chirurgica · 2025Article
- Implementation of MedicalholodeckHealthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Augmented Reality Integration in Surgery for Craniosynostoses: Advancing Precision in the Management of Craniofacial Deformities.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- LL-MAROCO: A Large Language Model-Assisted Robotic System for Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Osteotomy.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Extended reality for mapping perforator-based flaps in breast reconstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis.JPRAS open · 2025Review
- An attempt to evaluate the use of mixed reality in surgically treated pediatric oncology patients.NPJ digital medicine · 2025Article
- Mathematical methods for assessing the accuracy of pre-planned and guided surgical osteotomies.International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery · 2025Article
- Using Virtual Reality to Assist Students at Academic Risk in Human Anatomy.Medical science educator · 2025Article
- Harnessing AI in Laser Aesthetic Treatments: Revolutionizing Precision, Safety, and Personalization.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2025Article
- Rapid-printed Three-dimensional Models for Craniomaxillofacial Trauma.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2024Article
- Transformative Frontiers: A Comprehensive Review of Emerging Technologies in Modern Healthcare.Cureus · 2024Review
- Augmented reality in brachytherapy: A narrative review.Journal of contemporary brachytherapy · 2024Review
- 3D Printing Applications for Craniomaxillofacial Reconstruction: A Sweeping Review.ACS biomaterials science & engineering · 2023Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) have evolved since their introduction to medicine in the 1990s. More powerful software, the miniaturization of hardware, and greater accessibility and affordability enabled novel applications of such virtual tools in surgical practice. This scoping review aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the literature by including all articles between 2018 and 2021 pertaining to VR and AR and their use by plastic and craniofacial surgeons in a clinician-as-user, patient-specific manner. From the initial 1637 articles, 10 were eligible for final review. These discussed a variety of clinical applications: perforator flaps reconstruction, mastectomy reconstruction, lymphovenous anastomosis, metopic craniosynostosis, dermal filler injection, auricular reconstruction, facial vascularized composite allotransplantation, and facial artery mapping. More than half (60%) involved VR/AR use intraoperatively with the remainder (40%) examining preoperative use. The hardware used predominantly comprised HoloLens (40%) and smartphones (40%). In total, 9/10 Studies utilized an AR platform. This review found consensus that VR/AR in plastic and craniomaxillofacial surgery has been used to enhance surgeons' knowledge of patient-specific anatomy and potentially facilitated decreased intraoperative time via preoperative planning. However, further outcome-focused research is required to better establish the usability of this technology in everyday practice.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.