ArticleEuro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin2023
Effects of non-compulsory and mandatory COVID-19 interventions on travel distance and time away from home, Norway, 2021.
Article in Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- The effect of mandatory regulatory policies on unsafe sexual behaviours among female sex workers: an evaluation study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Mobile phone data analyses for public health research: a scoping review.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Social contact patterns during the early COVID-19 pandemic in Norway: insights from a panel study, April to September 2020.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Exploring infectious disease spread as a function of seasonal and pandemic-induced changes in human mobility.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Effect of testing criteria for infectious disease surveillance: The case of COVID-19 in Norway.PloS one · 2024Article
- Modeling geographic vaccination strategies for COVID-19 in Norway.PLoS computational biology · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BackgroundGiven the societal, economic and health costs of COVID-19 non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI), it is important to assess their effects. Human mobility serves as a surrogate measure for human contacts and compliance with NPI. In Nordic countries, NPI have mostly been advised and sometimes made mandatory. It is unclear if making NPI mandatory further reduced mobility.AimWe investigated the effect of non-compulsory and follow-up mandatory measures in major cities and rural regions on human mobility in Norway. We identified NPI categories that most affected mobility.MethodsWe used mobile phone mobility data from the largest Norwegian operator. We analysed non-compulsory and mandatory measures with before-after and synthetic difference-in-differences approaches. By regression, we investigated the impact of different NPI on mobility.ResultsNationally and in less populated regions, time travelled, but not distance, decreased after follow-up mandatory measures. In urban areas, however, distance decreased after follow-up mandates, and the reduction exceeded the decrease after initial non-compulsory measures. Stricter metre rules, gyms reopening, and restaurants and shops reopening were significantly associated with changes in mobility.ConclusionOverall, distance travelled from home decreased after non-compulsory measures, and in urban areas, distance further decreased after follow-up mandates. Time travelled reduced more after mandates than after non-compulsory measures for all regions and interventions. Stricter distancing and reopening of gyms, restaurants and shops were associated with changes in mobility.
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