ReviewImmunity, inflammation and disease2023
Toll-like receptors in pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and their therapeutic potential.
Review in Immunity, inflammation and disease, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Physical exercise and inflammation in Parkinson's disease: a review.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Pooled it
- The impact of physical exercise on neuroinflammation mechanism in Alzheimer's disease.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2024Pooled it
- The Neuroimmune Duality of CD4⁺ T Cells: Drivers of Damage and Repair in the Brain.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Mechanistic insights into anti-parkinson effect of baicalein: from neuroinflammation and cell death to neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Phytohemagglutinin: A Tool for Inducing Neuroinflammation Mediated In Vitro and In Vivo Modeling of Alzheimer's Disease Pathology.Cell biochemistry and function · 2026Article
- Cyclosporine A Modulates Neuroinflammation-Related Gene Expression Associated with Alzheimer's Disease in SH-SY5Y Neuronal Cell Line: Is Cyclosporine A Beneficial/Detrimental?Biochemical genetics · 2026Article
- Neuroprotective effects ofBiomedical reports · 2026Article
- Physicochemical and Biological Characterization of the TLR7 Agonist SZU-106.Pharmaceutical research · 2026Article
- Gut-Brain Inflammation and Disrupted Homeostasis Due to Activation of Mast Cells and Microglia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- The Role of Toll-like Receptors and Viral Infections in the Pathogenesis and Progression of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension-A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Activation of NR2A-Wnt-TLR2 Signaling Axis in Satellite Glial Cells of the Dorsal Root Ganglion Contributes to Neuropathic Pain Induced by Nerve Injury in Diabetic Mice.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Functional Foods Alleviate Behavioral Alterations and Improve GABAergic System Regulating TLR-4/NF-κB Axis in Valproic-Induced Autism.Brain and behavior · 2025Article
- Ergolide Regulates Microglial Activation and Inflammatory-Mediated Dysfunction: A Role for the Cysteinyl Leukotriene Pathway.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Lipopolysaccharides fromJournal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2025Article
- Korean black ginseng extract alleviates Alzheimer's disease-related cognitive impairment by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and suppressing the p38 MAPK/NF-κB/STAT3 pathways and NLRP3 inflammasome via TLR2 and TLR4 modulation.Journal of ginseng research · 2025Article
- Unravelling the role of protein kinase R (PKR) in neurodegenerative disease: a review.Molecular biology reports · 2025Review
- Allocryptopine Attenuates Inflammatory Responses in Microglial Cells Via TLR4-Dependent NF-κB and p38 MAPK Pathways.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Microbial Trojan Horses: Virulence Factors as Key Players in Neurodegenerative Diseases.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Sexual dimorphism in immunity and longevity among the oldest old.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Bidirectional crosstalk between microglia and serotonin signaling in neuroinflammation and CNS disorders.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern-recognition receptors triggered by pathogen-derived and tissue-damage-related ligands. TLRs were previously believed to only be expressed in immune cells. However, it is now confirmed that they are ubiquitously expressed in cells within the body including neurons, astrocytes, and microglia of the central nervous system (CNS). Activation of TLRs is capable of inducing immunologic and inflammatory responses to injury or infection of CNS. This response is self-limiting that usually resolves once the infection has been eradicated or the tissue damage has been repaired. However, the persistence of inflammation-inducing insults or a failure in normal resolution mechanisms may result in overwhelming inflammation which may induce neurodegeneration. This implies that TLRs may play a role in mediating the link between inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases namely Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, stroke, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. So, new therapeutic approaches that specifically target TLRs may be developed by better understanding TLR expression mechanisms in the CNS and their connections to particular neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, this review paper discussed the role of TLRs in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.