ArticlePloS one2023
Compliance with smoke-free legislation in public places: An observational study in a northeast city of Bangladesh.
Article in PloS one, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of secondhand smoke on air quality in partially enclosed outdoor hospitality venues: a review.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- Non-compliance with smoke-free law in public places: a systematic review and meta-analysis of global studies.Frontiers in public health · 2024Pooled it
- The Effect of Adult Smoking Behavior on Children's Exposure to Secondhand Smoke. An Analysis Based on Salivary Cotinine Levels Among Children in Dhaka and Karachi.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Trial
- Tobacco control without cessation? Policy gaps in cessation services in Bangladesh.Public health in practice (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Level of compliance to smoke-free laws by restaurants in Karachi: an observational study.Tobacco control · 2026Observational
- Prevalence and correlates of tobacco use among adolescents in Dhaka, Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Assessing compliance with smoke-free laws in Purbakhola Rural Municipality, Nepal: A cross-sectional observational study.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Assessing Compliance and Challenges in Implementing Smoke-Free Zone Regulations in Indonesia.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2025Article
- Hospitality Venues’ Anti-tobacco Legislation Violation in 11 Different Cities in TürkiyeThoracic research and practice · 2025Article
- Compliance with smoke-free laws in hospitality venues in Ethiopia: A cross-sectional observational study in 10 cities.PloS one · 2025Observational
- Second-Hand Tobacco Smoke Exposure: Results of Particulate Matter (PMInternational journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundBangladesh is one of the highest tobacco-consuming countries in the world, with a large number of adult users of a variety of smoked and/or smokeless tobacco products. Bangladesh tobacco control act prohibits smoking in public places and requires the owners of public places to display 'no smoking' signages.
objectivesThe objective of this study was to assess the level of compliance with the tobacco control act (smoke-free laws) in public places in a northeast city of Bangladesh.
methodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted between June 1 and August 25, 2020, across 673 public places in Sylhet city, Bangladesh. The data was collected using a structured observational checklist that included variables such as the presence of active smoking, the presence of designated smoking areas, the display of 'no smoking' signages, evidence of recent smoking such as ashes, butts/bidi ends, and the presence of smoking aids.
resultsAmong 673 public places, a total of 635 indoor locations and 313 outdoor locations were observed. Only 70 (11%) indoor locations were found to be in good compliance, and 388 (61.1%) indoor locations were found to be in moderate compliance with smoke-free laws. On the other hand, only 5 (1.6%) outdoor locations were in good compliance, and 63 (20.1%) outdoor locations were in moderate compliance with smoke-free laws. The overall compliance with smoke-free laws at indoor locations was 52.7%, and at outdoor locations was 26.5%. The highest compliance was observed at healthcare facilities (58.6%) and the least at transit points (35.7%) for indoor locations. In outdoor locations, the highest compliance was observed at offices and workplaces (37.1%) and the least at transit points (2.2%). Higher active smoking was observed in public places where there was an absence of 'no smoking' signage and the presence of points of sale (POSs) (p-value <0.05). Further, higher active smoking was observed in places where any smoking aids, cigarette butts, bidi ends, or ashes were present (p-value <0.05).
conclusionThis study found moderate compliance at indoor locations and very low compliance at outdoor locations. The government should focus more on implementing smoke-free laws in all kinds of public places, particularly at most frequently visited places and transit sites. 'No smoking' signages should be displayed per legislation across all public places. Policymakers should consider the prohibition of POS in/around a public place as it has a positive effect on smoking.
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Registered trials
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