ArticleInternational health2023
HIV testing among women of reproductive age in 28 sub-Saharan African countries: a multilevel modelling.
Article in International health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Preconception health risks among women of reproductive age in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review of implications for preconception care.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- The Prevalence and Factors Associated With HIV Testing among Adolescent Girls and Young Women in the Gambia-Evidence From the 2019/2020 Demographic and Health Survey.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Demographic and social determinants of human immunodeficiency virus status among women with cervical cancer in a low-resource setting.International journal of gynecological cancer : official journal of the International Gynecological Cancer Society · 2026Article
- Article
- Article
- Geographic inequalities in HIV testing uptake among young women in sub-Saharan Africa: A hierarchical bayesian spatial analysis.PloS one · 2026Article
- Prevalence of non-testing for HIV and associated factors among young women in Sub-Saharan africa: a multilevel analysis of DHS 2020-2024.AIDS research and therapy · 2025Article
- Prevalence and Factors Associated with HIV Testing Among Women of Reproductive Age in Liberia: A Cross-Sectional Study from the 2019/20 Demographic and Health Survey.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Geographic variations and determinants of ever-tested for HIV among women aged 15-49 in Sierra Leone: a spatial and multi-level analysis.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Access to HIV testing and factors associated among sexual minority women in a metropolitan region of the Brazilian Amazon.Scientific reports · 2025Observational
- Factors influencing HIV testing uptake in Sub-Saharan Africa: a comprehensive multi-level analysis using demographic and health survey data (2015-2022).BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Article
- HIV counseling, testing, and test result receipt among East African women of reproductive age using recent national health surveys.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2024Article
- Factors associated with HIV testing among young women in Tanzania: Insights from the 2022 Tanzanian Demographic and Health Survey using Anderson's Behavioral Model.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Machine learning prediction of adolescent HIV testing services in Ethiopia.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Urban-Rural Disparities in Pediatric HIV Testing Uptake in Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey.Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS CareArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 6 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) remains one of the most significant public health challenges globally, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Although HIV testing is a vital step for both prevention and treatment, its uptake is still low in SSA. We therefore examined HIV testing in SSA and its individual/household and community factors among women of reproductive age groups (15-49 y).
methodsDemographic and Health Survey data collected between 2010 and 2020 from 28 SSA countries were used for this analysis. We analysed the coverage of HIV testing and individual/household and community factors on 384 416 women in the reproductive age groups (15-49 y). Bivariate and multivariable multilevel binary logistic regression analysis were conducted to select candidate variables and to identify significant explanatory variables associated with HIV testing and the results were presented using adjusted odd ratios (AORs) at 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
resultsThe pooled prevalence of HIV testing among women of reproductive age in SSA was 56.1% (95% CI 53.7 to 58.4), with the highest coverage found in Zambia (86.9%) and the lowest in Chad (6.1%). Age (45-49 y; AOR 0.30 [95% CI 0.15 to 0.62]), women's education level (secondary; AOR 1.97 [95% CI 1.36 to 2.84]) and economic status (richest; AOR 2.78 [95% CI 1.40 to 5.51]) were some of the individual/household factors associated with HIV testing. Similarly, religion (no religion; AOR 0.58 [95% CI 0.34 to 0.97]), marital status (married; AOR 0.69 [95% CI 0.50 to 0.95]) and comprehensive knowledge of HIV (yes; AOR 2.01 [95% CI 1.53 to 2.64]) were significantly associated individual/household factors for HIV testing. Meanwhile, place of residence (rural; AOR 0.65 [95% CI 0.45 to 0.94]) was found to be a significant community-level factor.
conclusionMore than half of married women in SSA have been tested for HIV, with between-country variations. Both individual/household factors were associated with HIV testing. Stakeholders should therefore consider all above-mentioned factors to plan an integrated approach to enhancing HIV testing through health education, sensitization, counselling and empowering older and married women, those with no formal education, those who do not have comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge and those in rural areas.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.