ArticleNursing open2023
Hand hygiene knowledge and demonstrated technique among Malawian kindergarten children: A quasi-experimental study.
Article in Nursing open, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Evaluation of a hand hygiene intervention in two primary schools using UV-based feedback and AI-assisted image analysis.Public health in practice (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Train-the-trainer model in public health practice: Feasibility of senior nursing students as catalysts for hand hygiene education in school-aged children.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2026Article
- Hand hygiene knowledge and demonstrated technique among Malawian kindergarten children: A quasi-experimental study.Nursing open · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimTo evaluate hand hygiene knowledge and demonstrated technique before and after implementation of the hand hygiene programme and its sustainability among Malawian kindergarten students.
designQuasi-experimental design, utilizing a repeated measure at three points, namely, before intervention (T
methodsThe hand hygiene programme consisted of integrating hand hygiene protocol into the school health curriculum, setting up proper handwashing facilities, training school teachers, health talks and developing reminders on hand hygiene. Fifty-three kindergarten children aged 3-6 years were enrolled in the programme. Data were collected at 3 months' intervals (T
resultsThere was a significant difference in knowledge scores across three time points (T
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.