ArticleCardiovascular diabetology2023
Effect of dual residual risk of cholesterol and inflammation on all-cause mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease.
Article in Cardiovascular diabetology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impacts of Remnant Cholesterol and Residual Inflammation on Clinical Outcomes After Ischemic Stroke.JACC. Advances · 2026Article
- Impact of residual cholesterol and inflammation risk on non-culprit plaque progression in patients with acute coronary syndrome: a serial optical coherence tomography study.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026Article
- An Artificial Intelligence based model for predicting long-term all-cause mortality after acute Myocardial Infarction (the AIMI model).European heart journal. Digital health · 2026Article
- Association of Remnant Cholesterol Inflammation Index with Cardiovascular Risks and All-Cause Mortality in Individuals with Diabetes or Prediabetes.Diabetes & metabolism journal · 2026Observational
- Inflammatory-lipid residual risk phenotypes delineate the HFpEF probability spectrum independent of cardiometabolic mediation.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026Article
- Remnant cholesterol inflammatory index as a novel predictor of cardiovascular disease: Cross-sectional, longitudinal, and cumulative exposure analyses.International journal of cardiology. Heart & vasculature · 2026Article
- Inflammatory and cholesterol risks and rates of major cardiovascular events among patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in routine care.European heart journal open · 2026Article
- Article
- J-shaped association between non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (NHHR) and heart failure: a cross-sectional study.European journal of medical research · 2026Article
- A Cross-Layer Inflammatory Signature Links Residual Inflammatory Risk to Heart Failure Risk in Metabolic Syndrome: Network Mapping and Brown Adipose Transcriptomic Support.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Article
- Association of NLPR Combined with Lipid Parameters with the Severity of Coronary Artery Stenosis: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Chinese Population.International journal of general medicine · 2026Article
- Visceral Adiposity and Inflammation Index as Predictors of Stroke Risk in Middle and Older Age: A Cohort Study Across Blood Pressure Groups.Brain and behavior · 2025Article
- Longitudinal correlation between cumulative remnant cholesterol inflammatory index and incident diabetes.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2025Article
- Predictive value of remnant cholesterol inflammatory index for stroke risk: Evidence from the China health and Retirement Longitudinal study.Journal of advanced research · 2025Article
- C-reactive protein-triglyceride glucose index in evaluating cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality incidence among individuals across stages 0-3 of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome: a nationwide prospective cohort study.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2025Article
- Perceptions of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein testing (hsCRP) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a US survey on cardiologists and nephrologists.Future cardiology · 2025Article
- Association between C-reactive protein-triglyceride glucose index and stroke risk in different glycemic status: insights from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS).Cardiovascular diabetology · 2025Article
- Prevalence and clinical characteristics of patients with hsCRP testing and test-confirmed systemic inflammation among individuals with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease with or without chronic kidney disease in the United States (PLUTUS).American journal of preventive cardiology · 2025Article
- Adiponectin and Adiponectin Receptors in Atherosclerosis.Endocrine reviews · 2025Review
- Combining triglyceride glucose-body mass index and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein to predict cardiovascular disease: results from a national cohort and a clinical verified cohort.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundRandomized controlled trials confirm that risks of residual cholesterol and residual inflammation remains in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) even after lipid-lowering therapy. This study aims to investigate the association between dual residual risk of cholesterol and inflammation and all-cause mortality in a real-world population with CVD.
methodsPatients with a CVD history who first took statins between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2017 in the Kailuan Study were selected as study participants. According to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and hypersensitive C-reactive protein levels, patients were divided into those with no residual risk, residual inflammatory risk (RIR), residual cholesterol risk (RCR), and residual cholesterol and inflammatory risk (RCIR). Cox proportional hazard model was conducted to determine hazard ratio (HR) of all-cause mortality for RIR, RCR, and RCIR. Stratified analysis was conducted according to good medication adherence and 75% of the percentage LDL-C decline, high SMART 2 risk score, and blood pressure and blood glucose at standard levels.
resultsAfter 6.10 years of follow-up, 377 all-cause deaths occurred in 3509 participants (mean age 63.69 ± 8.41 years, 86.78% men). After adjusting for related risk factors, the HR and (95% confidence interval [CI]) of all-cause mortality in the RIR, RCR, and RCIR was 1.63 (1.05, 2.52), 1.37 (0.98, 1.90), and 1.75 (1.25, 2.46), compared with no residual risk. Similar associations were observed in participants with moderate or low statin compliance, a lower percentage of LDL-C decline, high SMART 2 risk score, uncontrolled blood pressure, and uncontrolled blood glucose, in the RCIR had a 1.66-fold, 2.08-fold, 1.69-fold, 2.04-fold, and 2.05-fold higher risk of all-cause mortality, respectively, than the reference.
conclusionRisks of residual cholesterol and residual inflammation remain in patients with CVD after receiving statins, and their combined effect significantly increases the risk of all-cause mortality. Here, this increased risk was dependent on statin compliance, LDL-C reduction, SMART 2 risk score, and blood pressure and blood glucose control.
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