Evidence map›Paper›PMID 37095282›Full record

ArticleCommunications biology2023

Multivariate information theory uncovers synergistic subsystems of the human cerebral cortex.

Thomas F Varley, Maria Pope, Joshua Faskowitz, Olaf Sporns

Erratum issuedAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Communications biology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 49 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
49citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

49 citing papers in PubMed.

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  6. Structural signatures of synergy and redundancy in human brain function.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Thomas F Varley *School of Informatics, Computing & Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA. tvarley@iu.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3317-9882
Maria Pope *School of Informatics, Computing & Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
Joshua FaskowitzDepartment of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
Olaf SpornsSchool of Informatics, Computing & Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

One of the most well-established tools for modeling the brain is the functional connectivity network, which is constructed from pairs of interacting brain regions. While powerful, the network model is limited by the restriction that only pairwise dependencies are considered and potentially higher-order structures are missed. Here, we explore how multivariate information theory reveals higher-order dependencies in the human brain. We begin with a mathematical analysis of the O-information, showing analytically and numerically how it is related to previously established information theoretic measures of complexity. We then apply the O-information to brain data, showing that synergistic subsystems are widespread in the human brain. Highly synergistic subsystems typically sit between canonical functional networks, and may serve an integrative role. We then use simulated annealing to find maximally synergistic subsystems, finding that such systems typically comprise ≈10 brain regions, recruited from multiple canonical brain systems. Though ubiquitous, highly synergistic subsystems are invisible when considering pairwise functional connectivity, suggesting that higher-order dependencies form a kind of shadow structure that has been unrecognized by established network-based analyses. We assert that higher-order interactions in the brain represent an under-explored space that, accessible with tools of multivariate information theory, may offer novel scientific insights.

Indexed as

Brain MappingInformation TheoryBrainCerebral CortexHumansModels, Neurological

Identifiers

PMID37095282
PMCPMC10125999

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.