ArticleScientific reports2023
Pioglitazone use increases risk of Alzheimer's disease in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving insulin.
Article in Scientific reports, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of antidiabetic drugs in Alzheimer´s disease: a systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies.Molecular neurodegeneration · 2025Pooled it
- Comparative risks of inflammatory bowel disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with SGLT-2 inhibitors versus DPP-4 inhibitors: a real-world nationwide cohort study.International journal of clinical pharmacy · 2025Article
- Alzheimer's Disease as Type 3 Diabetes: Understanding the Link and Implications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Comparing regional brain uptake of incretin receptor agonists after intranasal delivery in CD-1 mice and the APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Pioglitazone is an insulin resistance inhibitor widely used as monotherapy or combined with metformin or insulin in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study further investigated the relationship between pioglitazone use and the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) in patients newly diagnosed with T2DM, and examined the potential impact of insulin use on this association. Data were extracted from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) of Taiwan. Our data exhibited that the risk of developing AD in the pioglitazone group was 1.584-fold (aHR = 1.584, 95% CI 1.203-1.967, p < 0.05) higher than that in the non-pioglitazone controls. Compared to patients without both insulin and pioglitazone, higher cumulative risk of developing AD was found in patients receiving both insulin and pioglitazone (aHR = 2.004, 95% CI = 1.702-2.498), pioglitazone alone (aHR = 1.596, 95% CI = 1.398-1.803), and insulin alone (aHR = 1.365, 95% CI = 1.125-1.572), respectively (all p < 0.05). A similar observation also found in the evaluation the use of diabetic drugs with a cumulative defined daily dose (cDDD). No interaction between pioglitazone and major risk factors (comorbidities) of AD was observed. In conclusion, alternative drug therapies may be an effective strategy for reducing risk of developing AD in T2DM patients.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.