ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2023
Discordance in chromosomal and self-reported sex in the UK Biobank: Implications for transgender- and intersex-inclusive data collection.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Autosomal Type IV Collagen Genes Display Sex Differences in Genetic Risk for Hematuria.Kidney international reports · 2026Article
- A roadmap for conducting more inclusive research on brain resilience in ageing and dementia.Nature reviews. Neuroscience · 2026Review
- Characteristics of parks associated with depression in women only: a cross-sectional study of 329,363 adults.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Sex-specific genetics underlie increased chronic pain risk in women: genome-wide association studies from the UK Biobank.British journal of anaesthesia · 2025Article
- Mapping diversity in gender identity and gender roles across sex and age in the Dutch general population: a large-scale cohort study.EClinicalMedicine · 2025Article
- Alzheimer disease seen through the lens of sex and gender.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2025Review
- Sex differences in the executive and behavioral reserve of autosomal dominant frontotemporal dementia.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Exploring the relationship between cognition and mental health in intersex participants in the UK Biobank study.The Clinical neuropsychologist · 2025Article
- Sex-stratified Genomic Structural Equation Models of Posttraumatic Stress Inform PTSD Etiology: L'utilisation de la modélisation génomique par équations structurelles stratifiée par sexe du stress post-traumatique pour expliquer l'étiologie du TSPT.Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
There is growing need to distinguish between sex and gender. While sex is assigned at birth, gender is socially constructed and may not correspond to one's assigned sex. However, in most research studies, sex or gender is assessed in isolation or the terms are used interchangeably, which has implications for research accuracy and inclusivity. We used data from the UK Biobank to quantify the prevalence of disagreement between chromosomal and self-reported sex and identify potential reasons for discordance. Among approximately 200 individuals with sex discordance, 71% of discordances were potentially explained by the presence of intersex traits or transgender identity. The findings indicate that when describing sex- and/or gender-specific differences in health, researchers may be limited in their ability to draw conclusions regarding specific sex and/or gender health information.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.