ArticleMicrobiology spectrum2023
Exosome-Based Multivalent Vaccine: Achieving Potent Immunization, Broadened Reactivity, and Strong T-Cell Responses with Nanograms of Proteins.
Article in Microbiology spectrum, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review on vaccine developmental approaches: Evaluating efficacy, and addressing challenges of infectious diseases in the post-COVID-19 era.Virus research · 2026Pooled it
- Proteomic Analysis of Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Extracellular Vesicles Delivered a Functional ARG1 Enzyme and Restored Its Activity in a Mouse Model of ARG1-D Resulting in Improved Lifespan.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Exosome-based vaccines in cancer immunotherapy: antitumor mechanisms, engineering strategies, and challenges.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2026Review
- Review
- Harnessing Nanocarriers to Advance Vaccine Development.BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy · 2026Review
- StealthX: A Versatile and Potent Exosome-Based Vaccine Platform for the Next Pandemic.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Unique Features and Collateral Immune Effects of mRNA-LNP COVID-19 Vaccines: Plausible Mechanisms of Adverse Events and Complications.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Potential of Exosomes as Multifunctional Nanocarriers for Targeted Drug Delivery.Molecular biotechnology · 2025Review
- Promising Cancer Vaccine for Glioblastoma Therapy: A Focus on mRNA Vaccine.Cancer medicine · 2025Review
- Breaking barriers: Smart vaccine platforms for cancer immunomodulation.Cancer communications (London, England) · 2025Review
- Beyond the Pandemic Era: Recent Advances and Efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines Against Emerging Variants of Concern.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Multivalent Exosome Based Protein Vaccine: A "Mix and Match" Approach to Epidemic Viruses' Challenges.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Review
- mRNA-based therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2024Review
- Exosome-Mediated Antigen Delivery: Unveiling Novel Strategies in Viral Infection Control and Vaccine Design.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Nanotechnology's frontier in combatting infectious and inflammatory diseases: prevention and treatment.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2024Review
- Review
- Antigen-display exosomes provide adjuvant-free protection against SARS-CoV-2 disease at nanogram levels of spike protein.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- The Key to Increase Immunogenicity of Next-Generation COVID-19 Vaccines Lies in the Inclusion of the SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein.Journal of immunology research · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Currently approved vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have focused solely on the spike protein to provide immunity. The first vaccines were developed rapidly using spike mRNA delivered by lipid nanoparticles but required ultralow-temperature storage and have had limited immunity against variations in spike. Subsequently, protein-based vaccines were developed, which offer broader immunity but require significant time for development and the use of an adjuvant to boost the immune response. Here, exosomes were used to deliver a bivalent protein-based vaccine in which two independent viral proteins were used. Exosomes were engineered to express either SARS-CoV-2 delta spike (Stealth X-Spike [STX-S]) or the more conserved nucleocapsid (Stealth X-Nucleocapsid [STX-N]) protein on the surface. When administered as a single product (STX-S or STX-N) or in combination (STX-S+N), both STX-S and STX-N induced strong immunization with the production of potent humoral and cellular immune responses. Interestingly, these results were obtained with the administration of only nanograms of protein and without an adjuvant. In two independent animal models (mouse and rabbit), the administration of nanograms of the STX-S+N vaccine resulted in increased antibody production, potent neutralizing antibodies with cross-reactivity to other variants of spike, and strong T-cell responses. Importantly, no competition of immune responses was observed, allowing the delivery of nucleocapsid with spike to offer improved SARS-CoV-2 immunity. These data show that the StealthX exosome platform has the enormous potential to revolutionize vaccinology by combining the advantages of mRNA and recombinant protein vaccines into a superior, rapidly generated, low-dose vaccine resulting in potent, broader immunity.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.