ReviewJournal of the Endocrine Society2023
Sleep Disturbances Across a Woman's Lifespan: What Is the Role of Reproductive Hormones?
Review in Journal of the Endocrine Society, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 57 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sleep quality disparities in different pregnancy trimesters in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2024Pooled it
- Sleep patterns of Canadian women across the life course: A systematic review.Women's health (London, England)Pooled it
- Inflammatory exposures in early pregnancy and multidimensional sleep in late pregnancy: a prospective population-based study.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Hormonal Modulation of Subjective Sleep Quality and Perivascular Space Volume Across the Menstrual Cycle: An Observational Dense-Sampling Study.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Rest Assured: The Association of Structural, Functional Support, and Loneliness With Subjective Sleep Health.Journal of sleep research · 2026Article
- Mediating role of sleep disorders in the association between depression and infertility: A cross-sectional study using the National Health and nutrition examination survey.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2026Article
- Sleep Quality by Reproductive Stage Among Women Living With HIV in the United States Enrolled in the Health Outcomes Around Pregnancy and Exposure to HIV/Antiretrovirals (HOPE) Study.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2026Observational
- Sleep Duration and Mortality in Women: Effect of Aging and Menopause.Sleep medicine clinics · 2026Review
- A case control study of subjective sleep characteristics and polycystic ovary syndrome.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Effects of a Reprometabolic Syndrome-Inducing Eucaloric High-Fat Diet on Insulin Sensitivity, Body Composition, the Lipidome, and the Microbiome.Metabolites · 2026Article
- Sex differences in the severity of non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2026Article
- Do the Long-Term Cardiometabolic Effects of Night Shift Work Differ Between Men and Women? A 17-Year Cohort Study of the U.S. Workforce.Safety and health at work · 2026Article
- Statistical mediation by sleep quality in the association between menopausal symptoms and depressive symptoms in peri- and postmenopausal women: a multicenter cross-sectional study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Association between depression, sleep disturbance, and irregular menstrual cycles: insights from the NHANES 2005-2018.BMC women's health · 2025Article
- Sleep disruption from inhalation of biomass smoke: a basis for coincident hypertension?Particle and fibre toxicology · 2025Article
- The impact of sleep duration on the incidence of new-onset chronic kidney disease in community-dwelling adults: a nationwide cohort study.Annals of medicine · 2025Article
- Recent Change in Anhedonia, Major Depression and Low-Grade Inflammation: Dangerous Liaisons? A Study Based on a Cohort Referred for Polysomnography.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- Highlights of the Sleep and Breathing Conference 2025.Breathe (Sheffield, England) · 2025Article
- Natural vs. Assisted Conception: Sleep and Emotional Health from Pregnancy to Postpartum-An Exploratory Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- The global burden of depression in adolescents and young adults, 1990-2021: systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Fluctuations of reproductive hormones are associated with various forms of sleep disturbances and specific sleep disorders, such as insomnia or sleep-disordered breathing, across different stages of reproductive aging. During the menstrual cycle, sleep is particularly disrupted during the late luteal phase, as demonstrated by both objective and subjective measurements of sleep. Progesterone and its metabolites generally have sleep-promoting effects. A steep decline in progesterone, for example, during the late luteal phase, is associated with sleep disruption. Endogenous estrogen shows no clear correlation with sleep alterations in relation to the menstrual cycle. During pregnancy, sleep disruption is not associated with changes in estrogen or progesterone but rather with changing physiological factors, such as nocturnal micturition, gastroesophageal reflux, or musculoskeletal discomfort, all substantial factors that most likely mask any effect of hormones. Both endogenous and exogenous estrogen, as well as progesterone, are positively associated with sleep during the menopausal transition. A marked improvement of sleep disturbances is observed with perimenopausal hormone therapy. As this effect is not seen in younger women receiving contraceptive therapy, other causes of sleep disturbances, such as aging and related changes in metabolism of stress hormones, secondary effects of vasomotor symptoms, or depression, must be considered. Gonadotropins are less associated with sleep disturbances than ovarian hormones, except for during the menopausal transition where follicle-stimulating hormone is related to sleep disruption. Further, hyperandrogenism, as seen in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, is associated with sleep disturbances and specific sleep disorders, for example, obstructive sleep apnea.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.