ArticleToxicology reports2023
Pro-inflammatory effects of aerosols from e-cigarette-derived flavoring chemicals on murine macrophages.
Article in Toxicology reports, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of e-cigarette vaping on the immune system across the body.Physiological reviews · 2026Review
- Article
- Aromatic aldehydes formed during heating of cinnamon-flavored e-liquids drive pro-inflammatory responses in human aortic smooth muscle cells.Current research in toxicology · 2026Article
- Dual immunomodulatory effects ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Review
- Polarization of THP-1-Derived Human M0 to M1 Macrophages Exposed to Flavored E-Liquids.Toxics · 2025Article
- Immunological Effects of Electronic Cigarette Use: A Review of Current Evidence.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2025Review
- Microbiota-Influenced Toxicological Responses inmicroPublication biology · 2025Article
- The effect ofJournal of oral microbiology · 2025Article
- Vaping-Dependent Pulmonary Inflammation Is CaInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Tobacco and menthol flavored nicotine-free electronic cigarettes induced inflammation and dysregulated repair in lung fibroblast and epithelium.Respiratory research · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Macrophages treated with the flavoring chemicals found in flavored electronic cigarettes have been shown to induce an inflammatory response, however, limited data are available on the effect of aerosol exposure to these chemicals. We hypothesized that aerosol exposure to flavoring chemicals found in commercially available flavored e-liquids would result in an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines in macrophages. Raw264.7 macrophage cell lines were exposed to a low and high dose of propylene glycol/vegetable glycerin (PG/VG) with almond flavoring benzaldehyde (280 μg/ml and 2.1 mg/ml), PG/VG with spicy/clove flavoring eugenol (3.5 mg/ml and 12 mg/ml), or PG/VG with apple flavoring hexyl acetate (500 μg/ml and 2.5 mg/ml). Exposure to PG/VG with 2.1 mg/ml benzaldehyde resulted in a significant increase in KC levels compared to air and PG/VG exposed cells. Exposure to PG/VG with both doses of hexyl acetate resulted in a significant increase in KC and IL-6 levels compared to air exposed cells. Exposure to PG/VG with both doses of eugenol resulted in a significant increase in KC and IL-6 levels compared to air and PG/VG exposed cells. These data indicate the ability of aerosol exposure to e-cigarette flavoring chemicals to significantly increase pro-inflammatory cytokine release in macrophages.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.