ArticleEuropean journal of public health2023
Epidemiology of bacterial co-infections and risk factors in COVID-19-hospitalized patients in Spain: a nationwide study.
Article in European journal of public health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Article
- Risk Factors of Secondary Bacterial Infection in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Risk factors and outcomes of secondary co-infections in hospitalised COVID-19 patients in Malaysia: a case control study.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- Three Decades of Use of the Minimum Basic Data Set in Infectious Disease Research in Spain: A Scoping Review with an Evidence-Mapping Approach.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2026Review
- Prevalence, Outcomes and Healthcare Costs of Postoperative ARDS Compared with Medical ARDS.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- The burden of nosocomial superinfections in a retrospective cohort study of critically ill COVID-19 patients.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Epidemiological trends of mechanically ventilated acute respiratory distress syndrome in the twenty-first century: a nationwide, population-based retrospective study.Journal of intensive care · 2025Article
- A national population-based study of mortality and risk factors in COVID-19-hospitalized patients in Spain (2020-2021).Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Identifying risk factors for bacterial infections and drivers of antibiotic use in patients without bacterial infections during the COVID-19 pandemic in a low-middle-income country.Antimicrobial stewardship & healthcare epidemiology : ASHE · 2025Article
- Burden and Risk Factors for Coinfections in Patients with a Viral Respiratory Tract Infection.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- A Machine Learning Approach to Determine Risk Factors for Respiratory Bacterial/Fungal Coinfection in Critically Ill Patients with Influenza and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Spanish Perspective.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Mortality in hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 patients with contemporaneous bacterial and fungal infections.Antimicrobial stewardship & healthcare epidemiology : ASHE · 2024Article
- Coinfection of SARS-CoV-2 with other respiratory pathogens in outpatients from Ecuador.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundWe performed a nationwide population-based retrospective study to describe the epidemiology of bacterial co-infections in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-hospitalized patients in Spain in 2020. We also analyzed the risk factors for co-infection, the etiology and the impact in the outcome.
methodsData were obtained from records in the Minimum Basic Data Set (MBDS) of the National Surveillance System for Hospital Data in Spain, provided by the Ministry of Health and annually published with 2 years lag. COVID-19 circulated in two waves in 2020: from its introduction to 31st June and from 1st July to 31st December. The risk of developing a healthcare-associated bacterial co-infection and the risk for in-hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) mortality in co-infected patients was assessed using an adjusted logistic regression model.
resultsThe incidence of bacterial co-infection in COVID-19 hospitalized patients was 2.3%. The main risk factors associated with bacterial co-infection were organ failure, obesity and male sex. Co-infection was associated with worse outcomes including higher in-hospital, in-ICU mortality and higher length of stay. Gram-negative bacteria caused most infections. Causative agents were similar between waves, although higher co-infections with Pseudomonas spp. were detected in the first wave and with Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae in the second.
conclusionsCo-infections are not as common as those found in other viral respiratory infections; therefore, antibiotics should be used carefully. Screening for actual co-infection to prescribe antibiotic therapy when required should be performed.
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